这篇文章选自2013年2月2日的《经济学人》。这篇文章是一篇人文科学类文章，这篇文章谈论了美国高额的法令效能费用不和的种种缘由，并提出相应的对策。文章前两段提出“美国高额的法令效能费用”这样一个疑问；三至五段作者具体分析了如此高额法令效能费用不和的缘由，认为首要缘由是法令教育本钱高，法令作业形状关闭，以及法令作业协会的维护主义等；最终一段提出处置的办法，即相应的处置办法一是降低对考取律师资历的教育布景需求，二是翻开法令作业。
刷题思路：咱们采纳的是自上而下的逻辑，在最短的时刻内猜出文章的中心论题，环绕中心去向置每个疑问。一句话：环绕中心，自上而下，形散而神不散。
一、数一数全文一共由几个期间构成，标上序号,全文有6段。
二、最终一题，看看是不是中心主旨题：
30. in this text, the author mainly discusses
[a] flawed ownership of america’s law firms and its causes.
[b] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in america.
[c] a problem in america’s legal profession and solutions to it.
[d] the role of undergraduate studies in america’s legal education.
factor [?f?kt?(r)] n.要素; 因子（fac做,制造+tor→促进人可以做的东西→要素,动力）
factory [?f?ktri] n.工厂，制造厂(fact=do ；-ory;)
benefactor [?ben?f?kt?(r)] n.捐助者; 施主; 恩人; (fact=do,make 标明)
legal [?li?ɡl] adj.法令的; 合法的;（leg=law;-al后缀）
illegal [??li:gl]??? adj.不合法的;违法的;违背规则的。（il-=in-=not）
undergraduate [??nd??ɡr?d?u?t] n.本科生;（under在……下+ground地）
graduate[?ɡr?d?ue?t] n.大学结业生; 结业生;研讨生
30. 在这篇文章中，作者首要谈论了______。
[a] 美国律师事务所一切权的缺陷及缘由
[b] 在美国变成一名成功律师的要素
[c] 美国律师作业的疑问及应对战略
[d]?本科学习在美王法令教育中的作用
本题型解法：三加一。
1、开宗明义：文章的中心一般在一段，有百分之80可以；抛砖引玉时：中心在第一段的段尾与第二段的段首句。
2、用串针引线的办法，第一段+各段的中心句（首句）+最终一段的主旨句。
3、最终一段，看看是不是变换论题了。
加一：看看在题干中是不是现已泄露隐秘。读?牡捞庵兄馗吹拇驶蛐砭褪侵行闹髦嫉氖滓谌荨Ｓ商飧煽梢钥闯稣馄恼碌闹行闹髦肌?br>
——这就是先看最终一题的缘由。若中心主旨提前断定，其它题就很简略，因为中心抉择悉数。
今日用“加一”的办法，看看在题干中是不是现已泄露隐秘：26.当律师挣饯，27. 法令教育花饯多，28.法令体系想改难。串一下：律师也难，法令体系想改。[c] 美国律师作业的疑问及应对战略，可靠。不是easy，而是so easy。
?
三、听懂人话（看看题干，审题，看教师问了你啥？文章的中心是啥，规划是啥？）
26. a lot of students take up law as their profession due to
许多学生选择法令专业是因为_______。
能挣哎！在美国，钱比啥都重要。假定答案与钱有关，阐明作者也是个真实人。
?
27. which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most american states?
在美国大大都州，下列哪一项添加了法令教育的本钱？
add to添加了，不该是学法令应花的钱。
?
28. hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
法令体系变革的阻力来历于_______。
hindrance[?h?ndr?ns] n.阻止，阻止，我只知道：hind是后边的意思; hindrance在后边拽着，“阻止”。the reform of the legal system法令体系变革的，阐明法令体系有疑问需要改；在变革时有阻力。
originate from来自…， 源于…; 来历
orig=rise/begin,标明
orient[??:rient] 东方
emerge from:从…呈现;露出(疑问、定见等)=stem from=come from =drive from
?
29. the guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it
同业公会一切权规划被认为是“有捆绑性的”有些缘由是_______。
restrictive [r??str?kt?v] adj.捆绑的; 限制的;
guild [ɡ?ld] n.行会，协会
同业公会所变革的方案是：“有捆绑性的”同业公会一切权规划。
30. in this text, the author mainly discusses
在这篇文章中，作者首要谈论了______。
为挣钱学法令，本钱高，需变革，变革有阻力，同业公会所变革的方案。
文中：提出疑问，分析疑问，给出方案。完满的陈腔滥调文。
?
四、顺藤摸瓜，根据中心：顺藤是顺着题干这根藤，摸到答案。也就是说：根据题干的具体情况和提示信息,使用不一样的解题办法回到原文逐个寻找每一道题的精确答案信息来历或根据。答案有必要有根据。
26. a lot of students take up law as their profession due to
[a] the growing demand from clients.
[b] the increasing pressure of inflation.
[c] the prospect of working in big firms.
[d] the attraction of financial rewards.
inflation [?n?fle??n] n.胀大; 通货胀大
26.?许多学生选择法令专业是因为_______。 [a]?客户不断增加的需要 [b]?通货胀大不断增加的压力 [c]?在大公司就任的期望 [d]?经济酬劳的招引力 【答案】d? 【考点】实际细节
【精准定位】根据第二段②句“顶尖律师可挣得摩天大楼般高的钱,招引许多学生涌入法学院”可知“这些学生受高收入引诱选择法令作业”。故[d]正确。
【出题解密】题干+正确项[d]使对第二段②句的同义改写。
【解析】根据题干要害词“students”和“take up law as their profession”，咱们可以灵敏定位到原文第二段第二句“the best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.”?即律师界的高手们收入丰富，然后招引更多的学生进入法学院。tempting与attracting意思附近。
1、从细节上讲： take up law as their profession与该句中的 pile into law school相对应。很显着招引学生学法令的是money，即可直接得出正确答案为d。
2、从逻辑上：tempting ever more students to pile into law schools ；a tempt b to do sth. a 招引b，a 是因b是果。问b to do sth的缘由，当然是tempt前面的动作建议者skyscrapers-full of money。
3、从语法上讲：如今分词短语作语句骨干的成果状语。
【1段】①all around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. ②but there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than america.
generate [?d?en?re?t] vt.构成，构成
（hostility [h??st?l?ti] n.歹意，仇视状况;（-ile易于；拉丁语中hostis=enemy）
而对应的hospit，host=guest，却标明“客人”
hospital? [?h?sp?tl]n.医院（谦让对待患者的当地）
have ground for=reason但have ground for偏重客观
complaint [k?m?ple?nt] n.诉苦
complain[k?m?ple?n] v.诉苦，发怨言;
?
【1段译文】
在世界各地,律师会比其他任何作业的人员引起更多的歹意—新闻业可以在外。可是,几乎没有哪个国家的托付人比美国的托付人更有理由诉苦。
【2段】①during the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in america grew twice as fast as inflation. ②the best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. ③but most law graduates never get a big-firm job. ④many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.
decades [?dekeidz] n.十年，十年间
economic crisis n.经济危机;
skyscraper [?ska?skre?p?(r)] n.摩天大楼，超高层大楼
pile into使）挤进，塞进
nuisance [?nju?sns] n.厌烦的东西（人，行为）费事事
file [fa?l]v（尤指在法庭）提起（诉讼）,n.文件
filer [?fa?l?] n. 诉讼律师
tort n.<律>民事侵权行为;（来自twist被搓揉）
lawsuit=suit=case诉讼案子
【2段译文】在经济危机前的十年中,美王法令效能开支的增加速度是通货胀大率的两倍。(26)那些最优良的律师赚得盆满钵盈,这招引着越来越多的学生涌入法学院。可是,大大都法学院结业生从未进入大律师事务所作业。相反,他们中的许多人成了那种波折案子的诉讼律师,这使得民事侵权法令体系变成一个收费名贵的噩梦。
27. which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most american states?
[a] higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.
[b] pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.
[c] admissions approval from the bar association（律师协会）.
[d] receiving training by professional associations.
在美国大大都州，下列哪一项添加了法令教育的本钱？ [a]?本科期间学习高额的学费。 [b]?攻读其它专业的学士学位。 [c]?律师协会的入学答应。 [d]?承受作业协会的培训。 【答案】b?
【精准定位】第三段③句介绍其时法令教育体系:先要攻读四年不合法学专业学士学位,后才可进入法学院攻读法令,最终还得花重金经过律师资历考试;④句在指出这种体系的成果:给法学院学生带来无量债款危机。换言之,③句所言三个要素为本题题干查询目标,而唯有[b?]切合其间之一,故正确。
【出题解密】根据题干疑问及要害词the costs of legal education.咱们可以回订亲位到第三段。原文“a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the american bar association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.”?即首要进行一些不相干学科的四年本科学位学习，然后在美国律师协会认可的200所法学院之一进行三年的法令学位学习，一起还要预备巨额的律师资历考试。④this leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts。this指示代词是考点，on top of undergraduate debts，除了本科教育，还得付$100,000，一般本科是多付的。选项b. “pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major”正是对原文中“a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject”的同义替换，故为正确答案。
【3段】①there are many reasons for this. ②one is the excessive costs of a legal education. ③there is just one path for a lawyer in most american states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the american bar association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. ④this leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. ⑤law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.
association [??s??si?e??n] n.? 协会，联盟; 联络; ( soci= companion,标明,)
be associated with
some一些; 某个（后接奇数，标明一个，接复数表一些。）
bar出庭律师
leave sb with sth 留给或人啥东西
on top of在…上边; 在…上方
【3段译文】构成这种情况的缘由有许多。(27)一个是法学教育的本钱过高。在美国大大都州,变成律师只需一条路可走:首要花四年本科时刻读一门与法令不有关的学科,然后在由美国律师协会授权的200所法学院中的其间一所进行为期三年的法学学位攻读,最终还需要花费巨资预备律师资历考试。这使得如今一般的法学院结业生除本科期间的债款外,还要担负10万美元债款。在法学院学习欠下的债款意味着他们不得不拼命地作业。
28. hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
[a] non-professionals’ sharp criticism.
[b] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.
[c] the rigid bodies governing the profession.
[d] the stern exam for would-be lawyers.
hinder=hamper=prevent=bar=ban阻挡，阻止
emerge from:从…呈现;露出(疑问、定见等)=stem from=come from =drive from
originate [??r?d??ne?t]v.发源;来自;发生:创始;创始
词根：orig=rise/begin,标明
orient[??:rient] 东方
oriental [???ri?entl] adj.东方的; 东方人的
★resistance [r??z?st?ns] n.反抗; 阻力; 抗力; 电阻（re=back; sist=stand,标明） 28.?法令体系变革的阻力来历于_______。 [a]?非专业人士的尖利批判 [b]?律师和客户们的激烈对立 [c]?律师作业监管部分的呆板 [d]?关于准律师的严肃考试 【答案】c? 【精准定位】第四段②句指出:真实可行的方案早已具有,但各州作业打点机构过于保存不愿推广。可见,保存的州级打点部分阻止了变革,[c]正确。
【出题解密】正确项是对第四段②句的同义改写,其间rigid, bodies governing the profession别离对应too conservative bodies that govern the profession。
根据题干要害词“reform”进行回订亲位到原文第四段“reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.”?即这一体系变革有利于律师和他们的客户。变革的合理主张很早之前就已构成，可是担任律师作业的州一级打点部分过于保存而并未施行。选项c“律师作业监管部分的呆板”显着为正确答案。
退一步，but后边，有bodies、 govern与c中bodies governing有沾边。
conservative与rigid对应。
【4段】①reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. ②sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. ③one idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. ④another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. ⑤if the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit（for） it (=the bar exam)earlier should be allowed to do so. ⑥students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.
customer=client? n.顾客;
custom习气+er人→习气[进商铺]的人
have been around许多存在，在完形中考过。
govern在阅览中出题时用manage替换。
implement [??mpl?ment] vt.施行，实施（im使……+ple满；ple=full/fill）
sit for参加（考试等）；平等attend、take
【4段译文】变革这种体系将对律师及其托付人都有利。合理的主张现已存在了很长一段时刻,(28)但打点该作业的州级机构过于保存,一向不愿施行这些主张。一种主张是答应学生在本科期间就攻读法令学位。另一主张是让学生在法学院学习两年后就参加律师资历考试。假定律师资历考试的确是一个严肃到足以选拔出一个准律师的考试,那么那些有才能提前参加考试的学生大约被答应提前参加考试。不需要额定培训的学生便可以削减三分之一的巨额债款。
29. the guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it
[a] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.
[b] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.
[c] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.
[d] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.
类似行会的一切权规划被认为是“捆绑性的”，有些缘由是：
[a]阻挡律师获得应有的获利。[b] 阻挡律师持有律师事务所股份。
[c]加剧了生意中的道德情况. [ d]阻止外来者参加作业。
【答案】d? 【考点】因果题 【精准定位】第五段②句说明①句所述概念“捆绑性一切权规划”:除了哥伦比亚特区,非律师身份的人不答应具有律师事务所的股份;④句也说到“将非律师身份者打扫在律师事务所之外”。可见,[ d]正确。
【出题解密】正确项是对第五段②句non- layers may not own any share of a law firm以及4句keeping outsiders out if a law firm的同义替换。
【解析】根据题干的要害词“restrictive”（捆绑性的）及专有名词the?guild-like ownership structure（同业公会一切权规划）。本段第一句the other reason why提出缘由，后边进行分析。答案定位在“but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money①rather than”，其间要害是“isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money”（ 使律师远离挣钱的压力）。
本质是在考长句，难句，凌乱句。
①rather than serve clients ethically.而非在道义上为客户效能。
isolate…from 与rather… than是两层否定标明必定：不让业外人士进入律所可以使律师远离挣钱的压力, 然后实真实在地为客户效能（而非在道义上为客户效能）。
【5段】①the other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. ②except in the district of columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. ③this keeps fees high and innovation slow. ④there is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
★★pressure [?pre??(r)] n.压（力）; 压力; 气压（或血压）(press=press,标明-ure名词后缀)
regulator[?regjule?t?(r)] 校准者，（挂钟的）整时器，标准钟; 打点者，调整者
isolate from使与阻隔；使孤立 ;
ethically [
ethical [?eθ?kl] adj.道德学的; 道德的，
ethic [?eθ?k] n.道德标准
law firm [l?: f?:m] 法令事务所;
prevent from阻挡， 避免;
keep from隐秘; 阻挡;
isolate sth (from sth)使…孤立
involvement in使参加
aggravate[??gr?ve?t] vt.加剧，使恶化; 使动火（ag=to 表强凋；grav =heavy）
profession [pr??fe?n] n.作业，专业,作业。
【5段译文】本钱如此之高的另一个缘由是公司的捆绑性作业协会式的一切权规划.除非在哥伦比亚区, 非律师可以不具有律师事务所的任何股份,这将使费用增高并一起使立异速度变得缓慢。尽管在作业内部存在着改造的压力,可是打点者中对立改造的人坚持认为,不让业外人士进入律所可以使律师远离挣钱的压力, 而非在道义上为客户效能。
【6段】①in fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. ②after all, other countries, such as australia and britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. ③america should follow.
?
leg =law,标明
allege [??led?] vt.断语，声称（all=to,leg=to speak）
legal [leɡ] adj.法令的; 合法的;
?
【6段译文】实践上,经过鼓舞律师事务所运用新技能并聘请作业司理人以前进公司的作业功率,答应非律师身份者持有律师事务所的股份,可以降低本钱,进而前进客户效能质量。究竟其他国家,例如澳大利亚和英国,现已初步放宽对法令作业的捆绑。美国大约仿效。
30. in this text, the author mainly discusses
[a] flawed ownership of america’s law firms and its causes.
[b] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in america.
[c] a problem in america’s legal profession and solutions to it.
[d] the role of undergraduate studies in america’s legal education.
30.?在这篇文章中，作者首要谈论了______。 [a]?美国律师事务所一切权的缺陷及缘由 [b]?在美国变成一名成功律师的要素 [c]?美国律师作业的疑问及应对战略 [d]?本科学习在美王法令教育中的作用 【答案】c? 【考点】主旨粗心 【解析】从文章全体规划来掌控主旨粗心。文章首要提出了美王法令作业的疑问：巨额的法令效能费用。接着具体深化地分析了发生这种表象的缘由，最终提出处置疑问的办法战略。所以只需理解掌控文章规划，就可以很简略得出这道题的正确答案为选项c“美国律师作业的疑问及应对战略”。 而选项a和d只是文中提及的细节信息，选项b文中并未提及有关信息。
重难点词汇注解：
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1． inflation [?n?fle??n] n. 通货胀大；通胀率?
inflate [?n?fle?t]使充气（于轮胎、气球等）; （使）胀大; （使）通货胀大; 物价上涨;
(in=into; flat=blow)
inflationary [?n?fle???nri]adj.通货膨的;致使通货胀大的
2． skyscraper [?ska?skre?p?(r)] n. 摩天大楼?
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3． pile [pa?l] v. 蜂拥；拥堵?
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4． nuisance [?nju?sns] n. <法令>不合法波折； 滋扰行为?
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5． filer [?fa?l?(r)] n. （向法庭）提申述 讼者?
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6． tort [t??t] n. <法令>侵权行为（不构成 刑事违法但可致使民事诉讼）?
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7． nightmare [?na?tme?(r)] n. 可怕的阅历； 难以处置之事；噩梦
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8． excessive [?k?ses?v] adj. 过火的；过度的； 过多的?
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9． path [pɑ?θ] n. 行为方案；成功的途径?
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10． undergraduate [??nd??ɡr?d?u?t] n. 本科生?
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11． the american bar association：美国 律师协会。the bar：律师作业；律师界，法令界?
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12． on top of：除……之外
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13． body [?b?di] n. 集体，集体；机构?
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14． conservative [k?n?s??v?t?v] adj. 保存的； 保守的?
adj.保存的;保守的;(英国)保存党的;撑持保存党的
词根:serv=serve/keep,标明 2. 坚持,保存
reservoir [?rez?vwɑ:(r)] n.水库,蓄水池
service [?s?:v?s] n.效能，服侍; 效能业
preserve [pr??z?:v] vt.维护; 坚持，保存
reserve [r??z?:v] vi.预定; n.贮藏; 维护区
形近词: conservation [?k?ns??ve??n] n.保存; 维护; 避免浪费
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15． implement [??mpl?ment] v. 使收效；贯 彻；实施；施行?n.东西，器械; 家私;（im=in+ple满,填满+ment物）（在里边冲满的进程）（家里充溢的东西）
16． sit [s?t] v. 参加考试；应试（for）?
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17． stern [st??n] adj. 严肃的；严苛的?
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18． would-be [?w?d bi?] adj. 想要做…… 的；企图变成……的；将来的
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19． sensible [?sens?bl] adj. 正确的；沉着 的；合理的；切合实践的?
(sens=feel,标明)
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20． around [??ra?nd] adv. 呈现；现有；可用
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21． restrictive [r??str?kt?v] adj. 捆绑性的；约 束的?
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22． guild [ɡ?ld] n. （作业）协会?
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23． law firm：律师事务所?
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24． innovation [??n??ve??n] n. 创造；立异；(nov=new,标明)
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25． opponent [??p??n?nt] n. 对立者；阻挡者?
★oppose [??p??z] vt.& vi.对立，抵挡（op=ob对立；pose=put）(把石头掷向对方)
★oppose to sth. 对立某事
★opponent [??p??n?nt] n.对手; 对立者; 敌手; （op=ob对立；pose=put;-ent人）
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26． outsider [?a?t?sa?d?(r)] n. （组织、行 业）外部的人?
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27． isolate [?a?s?le?t] v. [~ … from …] （使）阻隔，孤立，脱离?（i=in+sol单独+ate表动词→使……孤立）
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28． ethically [?eθ?kli] adv. 符合道德地
