【考研英语】同源文详解155期惊骇有何用武之地(考研英语一与英语二的区别)

行文条理：引出论题：日子中的惊骇广泛多样（第一、二段）——阐明惊骇发生的本源是天性和遗传（第三、四段）——阐明偏重例证明咱们对惊骇短少理性判别（第五、六段）——总结作者对惊骇的观点（第七段）。

ii ①our fears run broad and deep, and areevery bitas diverse as we are. ②the 2021 version of chapman university’s survey of american fearstabbed“corruption of government officials” as the most common fear,afflictingnearly 75 percent of respondents; concerns about the health-care system, the environment, personal finance, and war also figured in the top 10. ③suchspine-tinglingtriggers as public speaking andenclosedspaces landed in the bottom half of the 80 fears polled; clowns were slightly more scary than zombies, who were only slightly more scary than ghosts.

iii ①one reason we struggle with fear is that we’re simultaneously tooprimitiveand too evolvedfor our own good. ②our lizard brains are ruthlessly efficient: signalsspeed tothe threat-sensingamygdalawithin 74 milliseconds of the slightest hint of danger. ③this speed has, overeons, helped save us from extinction. ④but it’s also led to plenty of false alarms.

iv ①part of the problem is that ourforebears’oldest fears are still with us. ②even babies exhibit afight-or-flightresponseto pictures of snakes and spiders,presumablyas a result of instinct rather than experience. ③deep-seatedaversionslike these are strong enough to distort our sense of reality: people witharachnophobiaare likely to overestimate the size of spiders relative to other organisms. ④such ancestral sensitivities may also account fortrypophobia, the fear of closely clustered circles (such as pores in sponges or bubbles in coffee)—which, according to one study, may affect up to 16 percent of the population. ⑤research by two groups of psychologists in the u.k. proposes that small circles’ resemblance to parasites and to distinctive patterns on poisonous animals may be enough to trigger thisatavisticresponse.

v ①our higher consciousness is supposed to help ussort outthese threats, but at times it seems more committed tospinning outanxious what-ifs aboutimperiledloved ones and unattended stoves. ②an entire body of risk-perception research has detailed just how bad we are at figuring out which dangers are worth worrying about. ③we tend to overestimate the threat of dying by lightning, flood, or murder, while underestimating the much more immediate threats posed by asthma, stroke, and diabetes, among other unsexyhazards.

vi ①in the wake of9/11, airplane ridershipplummetedin the united states as many people opted to travel by car. ②a german psychologist estimated that in the 12 months following the attacks, 1,595 more people were killed in car accidents than would be expected in an ordinary year. ③that’s more than six times the number of passengers (246) who died on the four hijacked airplanes. ④at its worst, then, fear can backfire, bringing about the very outcome we were afraid of in the first place.

vii ①so in the end, we have to face an undeniable butdiscomfitingfact: the only thing we have to fear is corruption, clowns, diabetes, tiny coffee bubbles, unintended consequences … and fear itself.

ii ①our fears run broad and deep, and areevery bitas diverse as we are. ②the 2021 version of chapman university’s survey of american fearstabbed“corruption of government officials” as the most common fear,afflictingnearly 75 percent of respondents; concerns about the health-care system, the environment, personal finance, and war also figured in the top 10. ③suchspine-tinglingtriggers as public speaking andenclosedspaces landed in the bottom half of the 80 fears polled; clowns were slightly more scary than zombies, who were only slightly more scary than ghosts.
翻译：咱们的惊骇广泛而深化，和咱们本身相同多样。2021年查普曼大学美国人惊骇大排名的查询标明，“政府官员的糜烂”是最多见的惊骇，困惑了近75%的受访者；而对医疗体系、环境、自个财务及战争的忧虑也排进了前十。而那些让人毛骨悚然的诱因，如公共讲演、幽闭空间等排在了被查询的8十种惊骇的后四十名；小丑比僵尸可怕一点点，而僵尸只比鬼魅可怕一点点。
点评：段ii介绍惊骇的特征，并具体阐明惊骇的多样性。①阐明惊骇的特征——广泛、深化、多样化。②③举例阐明咱们日子中林林总总的惊骇。

iii ①one reason we struggle with fear is that we’re simultaneously tooprimitiveand too evolvedfor our own good. ②our lizard brains are ruthlessly efficient: signalsspeed tothe threat-sensingamygdalawithin 74 milliseconds of the slightest hint of danger. ③this speed has, overeons, helped save us from extinction. ④but it’s also led to plenty of false alarms.
翻译：咱们与惊骇做斗争的一个缘由是，为了本身利益，咱们过于初始的一起，又过于进化。咱们的蜥蜴脑高效到无情：最纤细的风险暗示信号都会在74毫秒之内传送到感知挟制的杏仁核。这一速度，使咱们亿万年来免于灭绝。但这也致使了许多虚伪警报。
点评：段iii介绍惊骇发生的缘由之一——生理教唆。①②说明咱们与惊骇斗争的缘由——生理天性的教唆。③④经过比照，阐明这种生理天性带来的优点与害处——免于灭绝vs虚伪警报。
注释：lizard brain 蜥蜴脑。蜥蜴脑是人脑中掌管与理性思考无关的有些，也被科学研讨证明是掌控天性的陈旧有些。

iv ①part of the problem is that ourforebears’oldest fears are still with us. ②even babies exhibit afight-or-flightresponseto pictures of snakes and spiders,presumablyas a result of instinct rather than experience. ③deep-seatedaversionslike these are strong enough to distort our sense of reality: people witharachnophobiaare likely to overestimate the size of spiders relative to other organisms. ④such ancestral sensitivities may also account fortrypophobia, the fear of closely clustered circles (such as pores in sponges or bubbles in coffee)—which, according to one study, may affect up to 16 percent of the population. ⑤research by two groups of psychologists in the u.k. proposes that small circles’ resemblance to parasites and to distinctive patterns on poisonous animals may be enough to trigger thisatavisticresponse.
翻译：有些疑问在于，咱们祖先最陈旧的惊骇仍然伴跟着咱们。即就是婴儿，也对蛇和蜘蛛的图像体现出“战争或出逃”反应，这大约是出于直觉而非经历。这种根深柢固的厌烦激烈到足以歪曲咱们的实际感：蜘蛛惊骇症患者很有可以高估蜘蛛相关于其他生物的巨细。这些祖传的活络性可以也能说明密布惊骇症，对密布分布圆圈的惊骇（比方海绵里的气孔、咖啡上的泡泡），——根据一项研讨，密布惊骇症可以影响多达16%的人员。英国两组心思学家的研讨提出，小圆圈和寄生虫、以及有毒动物身上一起条纹的类似性，可以足以激起这种返祖反应。
点评：段iv指出惊骇的另一个缘由——初始遗传。①总述惊骇的疑问在于咱们遭到遗传的影响。②③④⑤经过蜘蛛惊骇症、密布惊骇症举例阐明咱们的惊骇与遗传存在的联络。
注释：fight-or-flight response：战争或出逃反应。当咱们的感官察觉到某种事物可以会对咱们构成挟制时，大脑便会激活一系列身体反应，让咱们奋起抵挡，或是赶忙逃脱。这种反应常见于哺乳动物身上，称为“战争或出逃反应”。其间，惊骇是由大脑颞叶中一处名叫杏仁核的规划进行调度的。当严峻的心境激活了杏仁核之后，杏仁核便会让你暂时无法做出清醒的思考，好让身体集结起悉数能量、应对挟制，让大脑的悉数留心力都放在了“战争或出逃 ”上。

v ①our higher consciousness is supposed to help ussort outthese threats, but at times it seems more committed tospinning outanxious what-ifs aboutimperiledloved ones and unattended stoves. ②an entire body of risk-perception research has detailed just how bad we are at figuring out which dangers are worth worrying about. ③we tend to overestimate the threat of dying by lightning, flood, or murder, while underestimating the much more immediate threats posed by asthma, stroke, and diabetes, among other unsexyhazards.
翻译：咱们的高档知道应当协助咱们处置这些挟制，但有时它如同更沉溺于忧虑风险中的爱人和无人照看的炉子该如何是好。无缺的风险感知研讨现已胪陈了咱们多么不擅长区分哪些风险值得忧虑。咱们一般高估了闪电、洪水、谋杀带来的去世挟制，却小看了哮喘、中风、糖尿病，其他不那么引人凝视的风险可以带来的更直接的挟制。
点评：段v指出人类惊骇存在的疑问——短少理性判别。①指出理性思维未协助咱们区分风险。②③经过研讨证明咱们短少对风险的判别力。

vi ①in the wake of9/11, airplane ridershipplummetedin the united states as many people opted to travel by car. ②a german psychologist estimated that in the 12 months following the attacks, 1,595 more people were killed in car accidents than would be expected in an ordinary year. ③that’s more than six times the number of passengers (246) who died on the four hijacked airplanes. ④at its worst, then, fear can backfire, bringing about the very outcome we were afraid of in the first place.
翻译：911之后，美国飞机客流量突然降低，因为许多人选择乘轿车旅行。一位德国的心思学家估量，在那场突击发生后的12个月里，在事端中身亡的人数比一般年份多了1595人。这个数目比在四架劫持的飞机中去世的人数（246）多了六倍。最糟糕的是，惊骇可以会适得其反，致使那些咱们开始惧怕的成果。
点评：段vi举例阐明咱们对风险短少区分力。①②③经过911后我们选择乘轿车旅行致使去世人数添加这一作业，阐明咱们对风险短少区分力。④总结指出短少理性判另外惊骇并不能 咱们避免风险，甚至有可以适得其反。

vii ①so in the end, we have to face an undeniable butdiscomfitingfact: the only thing we have to fear is corruption, clowns, diabetes, tiny cof

fee bubbles, unintended consequences … and fear itself.
翻译：所以，最终，咱们需要面临一个无可争辩反驳又让人波折的实际：咱们仅有需要惊骇的是糜烂、小丑、糖尿病、小咖啡泡、意外成果…以及惊骇本身。
点评：段vii总结咱们需要惊骇的作业及作者对此的情绪。我们需要面临多种惊骇，不管这种惊骇是不是可以真实构成挟制。

右下角的每一枚“在看”
都是修改找更多材料的动力
点击阅览原文进入20考研题源外刊赏析（晋级版）