第1章 言语学导论
1.1 温习笔记
本章要害：
1. the definition and the design features of language
言语的界说与特征
2. the origin and the function of language
言语的来历和功用
3. main branches of linguistics study
言语学研讨的规模和内容
4. important distinctions in linguistics
言语学的一些重要区别
本章考点：
1. 有关言语的常考考点
言语的界说；言语的根柢特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、文明传递和交换性)；
言语的功用(供给信息、人际交游、施为、表达情感、问长问短、文娱、元言语)；
言语的来历(神授说，人工说(“汪汪”，“噗噗”，“哟-嘿-吼”理论)，进化说)等。
2. 有关言语学的常考考点
(1) 言语学的界说，现代言语学与传统语法学研讨的三个显着差异。
(2) 言语学研讨的四个原则及其扼要阐明。言语学中几组重要差异，每组两个概念的意义、区别及其意义。
(3) 一般言语学的首要分支学科及各自的研讨领域。
(4) 微观言语学及使用言语学的首要分支及各自的研讨领域。
本章内容索引：
i. definition of language
ii. design features of language
1. arbitrariness
2. duality
3. creativity
4. displacement
5. cultural transmission
6. interchangeability
iii. origin of language
1. the biblical account
2. the bow-wow theory
3. the pooh-pooh theory
4. the yo-he-ho theory
5. the evolution theory
iv. functions of language
1. informative function
2. interpersonal function
3. performative function
4. emotive function
5. phatic function
6. recreational function
7. metalingual function
v. definition of linguistics
vi. branches of linguistics
1. microlinguistics
2. macrolinguistics
vii. important concepts and their distinctions
1. descriptive vs. prescriptive
2. synchronic vs. diachronic
3. langue vs. parole
4. competence vs. performance
5. traditional grammar vs. modern grammar
6. linguistic potential vs. actual linguistic behavior
i. the definition of language (言语的界说)
language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. this definition has revealed five essential factors of language: systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic and most importantly human-specific.
言语是人类以口头交流的任意的符号体系。该界说提示了言语的五个要素：体系，任意，口头，符号，人类。
ii. the design features of language (言语的界说特征)
【考点：名词说明&填空】
design features refer to the defining properties of human languages that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
言语的界说特征是人类言语差异于其他动物交流体系的特征。
1. arbitrariness (任意性)
it is the core feature of language, which refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connecti
on between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. it is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. some words, such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree.
任意性是言语的中心特征，是指符号的方法或许声响与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联络。尽管言语从本质上讲是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些词语，例如一些拟声词的发音与其意义仍是有必定联络的。
2. duality (二重性)
duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of two levels has its own principles of organization. the property of duality only exists in such a system, namely, with both elements (e.g. sounds, letters) and units (e.g. words).
二重性是指具有两层规划的这种特征，底层规划是上层规划的构成成分，每层都有本身的组合规则。二重性只存在于这样的体系之中，既有元素又有它们组组成的单位。
