??我国的生物多样性维护biodiversity conservation in china
（2021年10月）中我国公民共和国国务院新闻单位the state council information office of the people’s republic of chinaoctober 2021
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目录contents
前语preface
一、秉持人与天然调和共生理念i. harmony between humanity and nature
二、前进生物多样性维护成效ii. increasing the efficiency of biodiversity conservation
三、前进生物多样性打点才能iii. improving biodiversity governance
四、深化全球生物多样性维护协作iv. further global cooperation on biodiversity conservation
结束语conclusion
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前语preface
“生物多样性”是生物（动物、植物、微生物）与环境构成的生态复合体以及与此有关的各种生态进程的总和，包括生态体系、物种和基因三个层次。生物多样性联络人类福祉，是人类赖以生计和打开的重要基础。人类有必要尊敬天然、适应天然、维护天然，加大生物多样性维护力度，推进人与天然调和共生。biodiversity refers to the variety of living species (plants, animals and microorganisms) in their natural environments and the aggregate of the related ecological processes. it is measured on three levels: genes, species and ecosystems. biodiversity is the basis for human survival and development and has a direct bearing on our wellbeing. humans must respect nature and follow its ways. we must conserve biodiversity to protect nature and live in harmony with it.
1972年，联合国举办人类环境会议，与会各国一起签署了《人类环境誓词》，生物本钱维护被列入二十六项原则之中。1993年，《生物多样性公约》正式收效，公约树立了维护生物多样性、可持续使用其构成有些以及公正合理共享由使用遗传本钱而发生的惠益三大方针，全球生物多样性维护翻开了新纪元。in 1972, at the united nations conference on the human environment, the attending nations signed the declaration of the united nations conference on the human environment, which included the conservation of bio-resources in its 26 principles. in 1993, the convention on biological diversity came into effect, which set three objectives – the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, ushering in a new era for the protection of global biodiversity.
我国邦畿广阔，陆海兼备，地貌和气候凌乱多样，孕育了丰厚而又一起的生态体系、物种和遗传多样性，是世界上生物多样性最丰厚的国家之一。我国的传统文明沉淀了丰厚的生物多样性才智，“天人合一”“道法天然”“万物对等”等思维和理念体现了朴素的生物多样性维护知道。作为最早签署和附和《生物多样性公约》的缔约方之一，我国一贯高度注重生物多样性维护，不断推进生物多样性维护与时俱进、立异打开，获得显着成效，走出了一条我国特征生物多样性维护之路。china’s land and sea territories are both vast; its complex terrain and diverse climate gave birth to unique ecosystems, abundant species, and rich genetic variety. as one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, china has a profound understanding of biodiversity, as manifest in traditional chinese culture and these aphorisms: “man is an integral part of nature”; “dao follows the laws of nature”; and “all beings are equal”. china, as one of the first countries to sign and approve the convention on biological diversity, has always attached great importance to biodiversity conservation and preserves biodiversity with creative and up-to-date measures, achieving substantial progress on a distinctively chinese path of conservation.
中共十8大以来，在习近平生态文明思维引领下，我国坚持生态优先、绿色打开，生态环境维护法令体系日臻完善、监管机制不断加强、基础才能大幅前进，生物多样性打点新格局根柢构成，生物多样性维护进入新的前史时期。其时，全球物种灭绝速度不断加速，生物多样性损失和生态体系退化对人类生计和打开构成严峻风险。2021年9月30日，习近平主席在联合国生物多样性峰会上指出，要站在对人类文明担任的高度，探究人与天然调和共生之路，凝集全球打点合力，前进全球环境打点水平。我国将秉持人类命运一起体理念，持续为全球环境打点奉献力气。since the 18th national congress of the communist party of china (cpc) in 2012, china has been prioritizing eco-environmental progress and pursuing green development under the guidance of xi jinping thought on eco-civilization. a new pattern of biodiversity conservation has largely taken shape, with improvements to the legal system, supervision mechanisms and governing capacity for eco-conservation, marking the beginning of a new era for biodiversity conservation in china. currently, as species worldwide are becoming extinct at an alarming rate, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation pose a major risk to human survival and development. on september 30, 2021, at the united nations summit on biodiversity, chinese president xi jinping pointed out that the whole of humanity needs to take on its pressing responsibilities, find a way for human and nature to coexist in harmony, and build synergy for and enhance global governance on the environment. guided by the vision of building a global community of shared future, china will continue to contribute its part to global environmental governance.
为介绍我国生物多样性保维护念和实习，增进世界社会对我国生物多样性维护的晓得，特发布本白皮书。the chinese government is publishing this white paper to present china’s ideas, plans and actions on biodiversity conservation, and share its progress with the international community.
一、秉持人与天然调和共生理念i. harmony between humanity and nature
我国生物多样性维护以缔造秀丽我国为方针，活泼习气新局势新需求，不断加强和创重生物多样性维护行动，持续完善生物多样性维护体系，尽力推进人与天然、人与人、人与社会调和共生、良性循环、全部打开、持续昌盛。to realize the beautiful china initiative under a new situation, china is improving the measures for biodiversity conservation and creating new frameworks for this purpose. in its pursuit of harmony between humanity and nature, between individuals, and between the individual and society, china endeavors to create a virtuous circle for all-round development and prolonged prosperity for all.
面临全球生物多样性损失和生态体系退化，我国秉持人与天然调和共生理念，坚持维护优先、绿色打开，构成了政府主导、全民参加，多边打点、协作共赢的机制，推进我国生物多样性维护不断获得新成效，为应对全球生物多样性应战作出新奉献。in addressing biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, china upholds the philosophy of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, prioritizing biodiversity conservation and seeking green development. it has established conservation mechanisms led by the government and featuring multilateral governance and win-win cooperation, in which all citizens participate. this way, china keeps making progress and contributing to efforts in global biodiversity conservation.
——坚持尊敬天然、维护优先。健壮树立尊敬天然、适应天然、维护天然的理念，在社会打开中优先思考生物多样性维护，以生态本底和天然禀赋为基础，科学装备天然和人工维护批改办法，对重要生态体系、生物物种及遗传本钱施行有用维护，保证生态平安和生物平安。– respecting nature and prioritizing biodiversity conservation. china follows the principles of respecting and protecting nature and obeying nature’s laws, and prioritizes biodiversity conservation in social development. given its eco-environment and natural resources, china has balanced its natural and artificial measures for the conservation and restoration of important ecosystems, species and genetic resources, to ensure ecological security and biological security.
——坚持绿色打开、持续使用。践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念，将生物多样性作为可持续打开的基础、方针和办法，科学、合理和可持续使用生物本钱，给天然生态留下休养生息的时刻和空间，推进出产和日子方法的绿色转型和晋级，从维护天然中寻找打开机缘，完成生物多样性维护和经济高质量打开双赢。– seeking green development and sustainable utilization of bio-resources. china cherishes the principle that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, and sees biodiversity as the foundation, objective and means of sustainable development. it has endeavored to promote the efficient and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, to allow nature to restore itself. it promotes green ways of life and work, and seeks development opportunities while preserving nature, to achieve win-win results in both biodiversity conservation and high-quality development.
——坚持准则先行、统筹推进。不断强化生物多样性维护国家战略方位，长远策划顶层方案，分级实施主体责任，树立健全政府主导、公司行为和大众参加的生物多样性维护长效机制。强化我国生物多样性维护国家委员会统筹调和作用，持续完善生物多样性维护、可持续使用和惠益共享有关法令法规和方针准则，构建生物多样性维护和打点新格局。– enhancing institutional guarantee and coordinating actions for biodiversity conservation. china has strengthened biodiversity conservation as a national strategy through long-range planning and top-level design, specifying the primary responsibilities at all levels, and improving long-term conservation mechanisms led by the government and facilitated by enterprises with public participation. the china national committee for biodiversity conservation (cncbc) has taken on a stronger coordinating role. constant efforts have been made to improve laws, regulations and policies concerning biodiversity conservation, sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits. all the above efforts are aimed at building a new model for biodiversity conservation and governance.
——坚持多边主义、协作共赢。加强生物多样性维护，推进人与天然调和共生，已变成世界交流对话的重要内容。我国坚决撑持生物多样性多边打点体系，真实实施《生物多样性公约》及其他有关环境公约责任，活泼承担与打开水平相等的世界责任，向其他打开我国家供给力所能及的协助，不断深化生物多样性领域交流协作，携手应对全球生物多样性应战，为完成人与天然调和共生夸姣期望发扬更高文用。– upholding multilateralism and win-win cooperation. living in harmony with nature through greater efforts on biodiversity conservation becomes an important topic for international exchanges and dialogue. china firmly supports a multilateral biodiversity governance system, fulfills its obligations prescribed in the convention on biological diversity and other environmental treaties, and takes on international responsibilities commensurate to its development stage. china has been providing assistance within its ability to other developing countries, and strengthening exchanges and cooperation on biodiversity to jointly meet global challenges. it endeavors to play a greater role in realizing the vision of harmony between humanity and nature.
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二、前进生物多样性维护成效ii. increasing the efficiency of biodiversity conservation
我国坚持在打开中维护、在维护中打开，提出并施行国家公园体系缔造和生态维护红线划定等重要行动，不断强化就地与迁地维护，加强生物平安打点，持续改进生态环境质量，协同推进生物多样性维护与绿色打开，生物多样性维护获得显着成效。china advances biodiversity conservation and development in parallel. it has proposed and implemented measures such as building the national parks system and setting ecological conservation red lines (ecrls), strengthened in-situ and ex-situ conservation, reinforced biological security management, improved the eco-environment, and coordinated the c
onservation of biodiversity with green development, thereby making significant gains in protecting biodiversity.
（一）优化就地维护体系1. optimizing in-situ conservation
我国不断推进天然维护地缔造，建议国家公园体系试点，构建以国家公园为主体的天然维护地体系，首先在世界上提出和施行生态维护红线准则，清楚了生物多样性维护优先区域，维护了重要天然生态体系和生物本钱，在维护重要物种歇息当地上发扬了活泼作用。china is setting up protected areas (pas) and opening national parks on a trial basis, to create a pa framework with a focus on national parks. it was the first in the world to propose and implement the red line strategy for ecological conservation, and has designated priority areas in biodiversity conservation. these measures have contributed to the conservation of key natural ecosystems, biological resources, and habitats for key species.
构建以国家公园为主体的天然维护地体系。自1956年树立第一个天然维护区以来，到当前，我国已树立各级各类天然维护地近万处，约占陆域国土面积的18%。这些年，我国活泼推进树立以国家公园为主体、天然维护区为基础、各类天然公园为弥补的天然维护地体系，为维护歇息地、改进生态环境质量和维护国家生态平安奠定基础。2015年以来，先后建议三江源等10处国家公园体系试点，联系有关天然维护地划入国家公园规模，实施共同打点、全体维护和体系批改。经过构建科学合理的天然维护地体系，90%的陆地生态体系类型和71%的国家要点维护野生动植物物种得到有用维护。野生动物歇息地空间不断拓宽，种群数量不断添加。大熊猫户外种群数量40年间从1114只添加到1864只，朱鹮由发现之初的7只增加至当前户外种群和人工繁育种群总数跨越5000只，亚洲象户外种群数量从上世纪80年代的180头添加到当前的300头支配，海南长臂猿户外种群数量从40年前的仅存两群缺乏10只增加到五群35只。developing a pa system with a focus on national parks. since 1956 when the first nature reserve was set up, china has established close to 10,000 pas of all types and at all levels, accounting for about 18 percent of its total land area. in recent years, it has built a pa system with national parks as the mainstay, supported by nature reserves and supplemented by nature parks, laying the foundation for protecting natural habitats, improving the eco-environment, and protecting ecological security in the country. since 2015, it has launched on a trial basis 10 national parks, including one at sanjiangyuan, the cradle of the yangtze, yellow and lancang rivers. the relevant pas have been integrated into these national parks under unified management, comprehensive protection and systematic restoration.
the well-planned pa system has brought 90 percent of terrestrial ecosystem types and 71 percent of key state-protected wildlife species under effective protection. the habitats for wild animals have been expanding and their populations are growing. the population of giant pandas in the wild has grown from 1,114 to 1,864 over the past four decades. the crested ibis population has increased from only 7 to over 5,000, with both wild species and artificial breeds counted. the asian elephant population in the wild has grown from 180 in the 1980s to about 300 at present. the wild population of hainan gibbon has increased from no more than 10 in two groups 40 years ago to 35 in 5 groups.
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划定并严守生态维护红线。生态维护红线是我国国土空间方案和生态环境体系机制变革的重要准则立异。我国创重生态空间维护方法，将具有生物多样性维护等生态功用极重要区域和生态极脆弱区域划入生态维护红线，进行严肃维护。初步划定的生态维护红线，会集分布于青藏高原、天山山脉、内蒙古高原、巨细兴安岭、秦岭、南岭，以及黄河流域、长江流域、海岸带等重要生态平安屏障和区域。生态维护红线包括森林、草原、荒漠、湿地、红树林、珊瑚礁及海草床等重要生态体系，掩盖全国生物多样性分布的要害区域，维护绝大大都珍稀濒危物种及其歇息地。我国“划定生态维护红线，减陡峭习气气候改变”行为建议，当选联合国“根据天然的处置方案”全球15个精品事例。生态维护红线的划定与生物多样性维护具有高度的战略契合性、方针协同性和空间共同性，将有用前进生态体系效能功用，维护国家生态平安及经济社会可持续打开所必需的最根柢生态空间。setting and applying red lines for ecological conservation. setting ecrls is an important institutional innovation in china’s land use planning and eco-environmental reform. china employs this innovative model to bring essential ecological functional areas for biodiversity conservation and the most ecologically fragile regions under the ecrls and apply stringent conservation measures to them. the areas initially defined under the initiative are mainly distributed across china’s ecological security barriers and areas such as the qinghai-tibet plateau, tianshan mountains, inner mongolian plateau, greater and lesser xing’an mountains, qinling mountains, nanling mountains, yellow river basin, yangtze river basin, and coastal zones. at present, they cover various important ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, deserts, wetlands, mangrove forests, coral reefs and sea grass beds across key regions of biodiversity all over the country, bringing most rare and endangered species and their habitats under protection.
china’s proposal – drawing a “red line” for ecological protection to mitigate and adapt to climate change – has been selected by the un as one of the 15 best nature-based solutions around the globe. drawing ecrls and biodiversity protection are strategies for the same goals in the same areas. setting red lines will effectively improve the function of ecosystems and maintain the basic ecological space necessary for national ecological security and sustainable economic and social development.
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断定我国生物多样性维护优先区域。我国打破行政区域鸿沟，连通现有天然维护地，充分思考重要生物地舆单元和生态体系类型的无缺性，划定35个生物多样性维护优先区域。其间，32个陆域优先区域总面积276.3万平方公里，约占陆地国土面积的28.8%，关于有用维护重要生态体系、物种及其歇息地具有重要意义。designating priority areas for biodiversity protection. china is connecting the current pas across different administrative regions. giving full consideration to key biogeographical components and different types of ecosystems, it has designated 35 priority areas for biodiversity protection. among these, 32 terrestrial priority areas cover a total of 2.76 million sq km and make up about 28.8 percent of the total land area. they are valuable in effectively protecting key ecosystems, species and their habitats.
（二）完善迁地维护体系2. improving ex-situ conservation
我国持续加大迁地维护力度，体系施行濒危物种解救工程，生物遗传本钱的搜集保存水黎显着前进，迁地维护体系日趋完善，变作用地维护的有用弥补，多种濒危野生动植物得到维护和恢复。china continues to step up ex-situ conservation, and launches systematic campaigns to save endangered species. more biological genetic resources are collected and better preserved, and the ex-situ conservation system is improving as an effective complement to in-situ conservation, helping to protect and restore many species of endangered wildlife.
逐步完善迁地维护体系。树立了植物园、野生动物救助繁育基地以及种质本钱库、基因库等较为齐备的迁地维护体系。到当前，树立植物园（树木园）近200个，保存植物2.3万余种；树立250处野生动物救助繁育基地，60多种珍稀濒危野生动物人工繁衍成功。gradually improving the ex-situ conservation system. china has set up a relatively complete ex-situ conservation system including botanical gardens, wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers, germplasm resource centers, and gene banks. to date, china has built a total of about 200 botanical gardens and arboretums exhibiting 23,000 species of plants, and 250 wildlife rehabilitation and breeding centers where over 60 types of rare and endangered wild animal are successfully bred.
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加速重要生物遗传本钱搜集保存和使用。我国高度注重生物本钱维护，这些年在生物本钱查询、搜集、保存等方面获得较大发展。施行战略生物本钱方案专项，完善生物本钱搜集保藏平台，树立种质本钱立异平台、遗传本钱衍生库和天然化合物转化平台，持续加强野生生物本钱维护和使用。施行一批种质本钱维护和育种立异项目，到2021年末，构成了以国家作物种质长时刻库及其复份库为中心、10座中期库与43个种质圃为支撑的国家作物种质本钱维护体系，树立了199个国家级畜禽遗传本钱保种场（区、库），为90%以上的国家级畜禽遗传本钱维护名录品种树立了国家级保种单位，长时刻保存作物种质本钱52万余份、畜禽遗传本钱96万份。缔造99个国家级林木种质本钱保存库，以及新疆、山东2个国家级林草种质本钱设备保存库国家分库，保存林木种质本钱4.7万份。缔造31个药用植物种质本钱保存圃和2个种质本钱库，保存种子树苗1.2万多份。accelerating the collection, preservation and use of key genetic resources. china attaches great importance to protecting biological resources, and has made considerable progress in the research on biological resources and their collection and preservation in recent years. to steadily increase protection and use of wildlife resources, china has rolled out special plans for strategic biological resources, which have helped to improve bio-resource collection and preservation platforms, and create platforms for germplasm resource innovation and natural compound transformation as well as libraries for derivatives of genetic resources. it has launched a batch of projects for germplasm resource protection and breeding. by the end of 2021, china had put in place a national crop genetics protection system with the national long-term germplasm banks and their duplicates as the core, supported by 10 medium-term banks and 43 germplasm fields. it had built 199 state-level livestock and poultry germplasm resource preservation fields (areas, storehouses), preparing state-level sites for the conservation of germplasms of over 90 percent of breeds under the national catalogue of livestock and poultry genetic resources. there are over 520,000 copies of crop germplasm resources and 960,000 copies of livestock and poultry genetic resources in long-term storage. china has established 99 state-level germplasm resource banks for trees, and two state-level germplasm resource sub-centers for trees and grass in xinjiang and shandong, preserving 47,000 copies of germplasm resources for trees. it has also built 31 germplasm preservation fields and two germplasm resource centers for medicinal plants, preserving over 12,000 copies of seeds and seedlings.
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体系施行濒危物种解救工程。我国施行濒危物种解救工程，对有些珍稀濒危野生动物进行抢救性维护，经过人工繁育扩展种群，并究竟完成放归天然。人工繁育大熊猫数量呈快速优质增加，大熊猫受挟制程度等级从“濒危”降为“易危”，完成户外放归并成功融入野生种群。早年户外不见的麋鹿在北京南海子、江苏大丰、湖北石首别离树立了三大维护种群，总数已打破8000只。此外，我国还关于德保苏铁、华盖木、百山祖冷杉等120种极小种群野生植物打开抢救性维护，112种我国特有的珍稀濒危野生植物完成户外回归。launching well-planned campaigns to save endangered species. china has launched campaigns to rescue rare and endangered wildlife, expand their population through artificial breeding, and reintroduce them to natural habitats in a phased manner. the captive population of breeding pandas has grown in numbers and quality. they have been downgraded from “endangered” to “vulnerable” on the list of species at risk of extinction, and some have been released into natural habitats to integrate into the wild population. elks, once nowhere to be found in the wild, have grown to 8,000 in number thanks to the three conservation bases in nanhaizi of beijing, dafeng of jiangsu, and shishou of hubei. emergency measures have also been taken to save and protect 120 plant species with extremely small populations such as the cycas debaoensis, manglietiastrum sinicum and abies beshanzuensis, and to restore to their natural habitats 112 species of rare and endangered wild plants native to china.
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（三）加强生物平安打点3. improving biosecurity governance
我国高度注重生物平安，把生物平安归入国家平安体系，发布施行生物平安法，体系方案国家生物平安风险防控和打点体系缔造。外来物种侵略防控机制逐步完善，生物技能安康打开，生物遗传本钱维护和监管力度不断增强，国家生物平安打点才能持续前进。china attaches great importance to biosecurity, and has included it in the national security system. the biosecurity law was promulgated and came into force in 2021. there is systematic planning for biosecurity risk control and governance. efforts have been made to improve the mechanism for preventing the invasion of alien species, promote the sound development of biotechnologies, and strengthen the protection, supervision and regulation of biogenetic resources. the aim is to constantly improve national biosecurity governance.
紧密防控外来物种侵略。持续加强对外来物种侵略的防备和应对，完善外来侵略物种防控准则，树立外来侵略物种防控部际调和机制，推进联防联控。接连发布4批《我国天然生态体系外来侵略物种名单》，拟定《国家要点打点外来侵略物种名录》，算计发布83种外来侵略物种。建议外来侵略物种普查，打开外来侵略物种监测预警、防控灭除和监督打点。加强外来物种口岸防控，谨防境外动植物疫情疫病和外来物种传入，筑牢口岸检疫防线。preventing the invasion of alien species. china has made greater efforts to guard against and respond to the invasion of alien species. it has improved the collective response to invasive alien species by putting in place inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms. china issued the list of invasive alien species in china in four groups in 2003, 2010, 2014 and 2016 respectively, and the list of key invasive alien species under state supervision in 2012, covering a total of 83 invasive species detected in the country. china has brought invasive alien species under survey, monitoring, early warning, control and extermination. stronger port quarantine measures have helped to prevent the entry of invasive alien species and reduce the risk of wildlife epidemics.
完善转基因生物平安打点。严肃标准生物技能及其产品的平安打点，活泼推进生物技能有序安康打开。先后发布施行《农业转基因生物平安打点规则》《农业转基因生物平安评价打点办法》《生物技能研讨开发平安打点办法》《进出境转基因产品查验检疫打点办法》等法令法规。打开转基因生物平安检测与评价，防备转基因生物环境开释可以对生物多样性维护及可持续使用发生的晦气影响。发布转基因生物平安评价、检测及监管技能标准200余项，转基因生物平安打点体系逐步完善。improving safety administration of genetically modified organisms (gmos). china has tightened the regulation of biotechnologies and bio-products, and promoted the sound and orderly development of biotechnologies. a succession of laws and regulations have been promulgated, including regulations on the safety administration of genetically modified organisms in agriculture (2001), measures for the safety assessment and administration of genetically modified organisms in agriculture (2002), measures for the safety administration of biotechnology research and development (2021), and measures for the administration of inspection and quarantine of inbound and outbound genetically modified products (2004). safety testing and assessment of gmos has been conducted to prevent any potential negative impact on biodiversity conservation and on the sustainable utilization of bio-resources resulting from the release of gmos into the environment. with the issuance of over 200 technical norms on the safety testing, assessment, supervision and regulation of gmos, a national system of gmo safety administration is being completed in steps.
强化生物遗传本钱监管。加强对生物遗传本钱维护、获取、使用和惠益共享的打点和监督，保证生物遗传本钱平安。打开重要生物遗传本钱查询和维护成效评价，查明生物遗传本钱本底，查清重要生物遗传本钱分布、维护及使用现状。组织打开第四次全国中药本钱普查，获得1.3万多种中药本钱的品种和分布等信息，其间3150种为我国特有种。正在打开的第三次全国农作物种质本钱普查与搜集行为，已搜集作物种质本钱9.2万份，其间90%以上为新发现本钱。2021年建议的第三次全国畜禽遗传本钱普查，已结束新发现的8个畜禽遗传本钱初步判定作业。组织打开初度全国林草种质本钱普查，已结束秦岭区域查询试点作业。近10年来，我国均匀每年发现植物新种约200种，占全球植物年增新种数的非常之一。加速推进生物遗传本钱获取与惠益共享有关立法进程，持续强化生物遗传本钱维护和监管，避免生物遗传本钱丢掉和无序使用。strengthening the supervision of biogenetic resources. china has tightened management and oversight on the conservation, acquisition, utilization and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources. china has conducted surveys on essential biogenetic resources and conservation performance evaluations, to identify the scale, distribution, conservation and utilization of these resources.
? china organized the fourth national survey on traditional chinese medicine (tcm) resources in 2021, and pinpointed the genetic affiliation and distribution of over 13,000 varieties, including 3,150 varieties unique to china.
? china is conducting the third national survey on and collection of crop germplasm resources (2021-2023), with a total of 92,000 samples having been collected, more than 90 percent of which are newly identified varieties.
? china is conducting the third national survey on livestock and poultry genetic resources (2021-2023), and has completed the preliminary identification of 8 new species.
? china launched the first national survey on forest and grass germplasm resources in 2021, and has completed a pilot survey in the nature reserves along the qinling mountains.
in the past decade, china has identified about 200 new varieties of plants per annum, accounting for 10 percent of the global figure. china is accelerating legislation on accessing and sharing the benefits of biogenetic resources, strengthening their conservation, supervision and regulation, and preventing their loss or chaotic utilization.
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（四）改进生态环境质量4. improving the eco-environment
加大生态维护批改力度，前进生态体系质量和平稳性，对维护国家生态平安具有基础性、战略性作用。我国施行系列生态维护批改工程，不断加大生态批改力度，统筹推进山水林田湖草沙冰一体化维护和系控制理，生态恶化趋势根柢得到遏止，天然生态体系全体平稳向好，效能功用逐步增强；坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战，极大减轻了生物多样性维护压力，生态环境质量持续改进，国家生态平安屏障骨架根柢构筑。improving and stabilizing ecosystems plays a fundamental and strategic role in ensuring national ecological security. china has therefore intensified efforts in eco-environmental conservation and restoration, and launched a series of projects for the integrated conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, deserts, glaciers and snow mountains. as a result, ecological deterioration has been contained, and ecosystems are generally stable, with a greater capacity to serve development. china has been fighting a tough battle against pollution; currently, the pressure on biodiversity conservation is greatly eased, the eco-environment keeps improving, and a framework of shields for ecological security has been largely completed.
施行系列生态维护批改工程。以恢复退化生态体系、增强生态体系平稳性和前进生态体系质量为方针，持续打开多项生态维护批改工程，有用改进和恢复了要点区域野生动植物生境。稳步施行天然林维护批改、京津风沙源打点工程、石漠化归纳打点、三北防护林工程等要点防护林体系缔造、退耕还林还草、退牧还草以及河湖与湿地维护批改、红树林与沿海湿地维护批改等一批严峻生态维护与批改工程，施行25个山水林田湖草生态维护批改工程试点，建议10个山水林田湖草沙一体化维护和批改工程。拟定施行《全国重要生态体系维护和批改严峻工程全体方案（2021－2035年）》，断定了新年代“三区四带”生态维护批改全体规划。我国森林面积和森林积储接连30年坚持?黾印保渎闱蛏直厩黾幼疃嗟墓遥哪⑸郴恋厣匣恿?个监测期完成了?跛酢保菰槟芍脖桓嵌鹊执?6.1%，草原生态情况持续向好。2016－2021年时刻，累计整治批改岸线1200公里，沿海湿地2.3万公顷。2000－2021年全球新增的美化面积中，约25%来自我国，奉献比例居世界首位。implementing eco-environmental conservation and restoration projects. to restore degraded ecosystems, and improve and stabilize them, china has carried out multiple conservation and restoration projects, which have succeeded in improving and restoring wildlife habitats in key regions.
? china has implemented key ecosystem-related projects including conservation and restoration of natural forests, sandstorm source control in beijing and tianjin, stony desertification control, the three-north (i.e., northeast china, north china and northwest china) shelterbelt forest program and other key forest programs, programs turning marginal farmland into forests and grasslands, programs returning grazing lands to grasslands, conservation and restoration of lakes, rivers and inland wetlands, and conservation and restoration of mangrove forests and coastal wetlands.
? china has launched 25 pilot projects and 10 integrated projects for the conservation and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and deserts.
? china has enacted the master plan on major projects for the conservation and restoration of national key ecosystems (2021-2035), specifying an overall conservation configuration for the new era composed of three eco-zones and four shelterbelts – qinghai-tibet plateau eco-zone, yellow river eco-zone, yangtze river eco-zone, northeast shelterbelt, north shelterbelt, south shelterbelt, and coastal shelterbelt.
through the above actions, china has achieved the following:
? china’s forest coverage and forest reserve have both maintained growth for the last 30 years, and china has realized the largest growth in forest resources among all countries in the world.
? china’s desertification coverage and sandy desertification coverage have both decreased in three successive monitoring periods. its steppe vegetation coverage rate has reached 56.1 percent and the steppe ecosystems have continued to improve.
? between 2016 and 2021, china restored 1,200 km of coastline and 23,000 ha of coastal wetlands.
? between 2000 and 2021, china contributed about 25 percent of global vegetation growth, the biggest share among all countries.
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坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战。杰出的环境质量是维护生物多样性的基础条件，也是生物多样性维护的应有之义。我国坚决向污染宣战，打响蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，污染防治力度不断加大，获得显着成效。2021年，全国细颗粒物（pm2.5）均匀浓度为33微克/立方米，比2015年降低28.3%，优良天数比例比2015年上升5.8个百分点；全国地表水国控断面水质优良（ⅰ～ⅲ类）和损失使吃苦能（劣ⅴ类）水体比例别离为83.4%和0.6%，比2015年别离前进17.4个百分点和降低9.1个百分点；全国近岸海域优良水质（一、二类）面积比例为77.4%，较2015年上升9个百分点；全国受污染耕地平安使用率和污染地块平安使用率均跨越90%。生态环境质量改进优化了物种生境，恢复了各类生态体系功用，有用减轻了生物多样性损失压力。tightening pollution control. good environmental quality is both the foundation and goal of biodiversity conservation. china has announced a battle against pollution to improve air, water and soil quality. through an increasing effort to combat pollution, china has achieved the following:
? in 2021, china’s average concentration of ambient particulate matters (pm2.5) was 33 μg/m3, down by 28.3 percent from 2015, and the percentage of days with good air quality rose by 5.8 percentage points from 2015.
? in 2021, the combined proportion of state-controlled water sections with good-quality surface water reaching grades i, ii and iii was 83.4 percent, up by 17.4 percentage points from 2015; and that of water sections with bad quality surface water below grade v was 0.6 percent, down by 9.1 percentage points from 2015.
? in 2021, the combined proportion of good quality offshore waters reaching grades i and ii was 77.4 percent in terms of area, up by 9 percentage points from 2015.
? in 2021, the safe utilization rate of contaminated arable land and that of contaminated land both exceeded 90 percent.
a better eco-environment has provided better wildlife habitats, which has helped restore the functions of varied ecosystems and greatly eased the pressure from biodiversity loss.
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（五）协同推进绿色打开5. promoting green development with coordinated efforts
在经济社会打开进程中，我国注重以天然承载力为基础，加速改动经济打开方法，建议绿色低碳日子，协同推进高水平生物多样性维护和高质量打开。china endeavors to advance social and economic development within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. measures have been taken to transform the economic growth model, encourage green and low-carbon ways of life, and coordinate efforts in biodiversity conservation and high-quality development.
加速作业工业绿色转型。遵从新打开理念，坚持维护优先、绿色打开，推进经济社会打开全部绿色转型，推进经济打开与生态环境维护相调和，削减对生物多样性的压力。加速树立健全绿色低碳循环打开经济体系，优化工业规划，前进本钱利吃苦率和清洗出产水平，前进绿色工业比重，加速一二三工业和基础设备绿色转型和晋级。鼓舞打开生态栽培、生态养殖和可持续运营，加强生物本钱维护，拟定可持续出产标准攻略，加强绿色食物、有机农产品、森林生态标志产品、可持续水产品等绿色产品认证，发扬科技立异作用，强化农业、林业、渔业、畜牧业等领域的生物多样性维护与可持续使用。施行特许猎捕证准则、搜集证准则、驯养繁衍答应证准则等要点野生动植物使用打点准则，鼓舞维护和可持续使用优良生物本钱。accelerating the green transformation of all sectors and industries. upholding the new development philosophy, china pursues green development with the priority given to eco-environmental conservation. efforts have been made to promote the green transformation of all sectors and industries in social and economic development, to balance economic development with eco-environmental protection, and to reduce the pressure on biodiversity.
china is moving faster in building an economic structure that facilitates green, low-carbon and circular development, aiming to improve industrial structure, raise the efficiency of resource utilization, promote cleaner production, increase the proportion of green industries, and accelerate the green transformation and upgrading of primary, secondary and tertiary industries and their infrastructure.
china encourages eco-friendly planting and breeding industries and sustainable operations. it has formulated guidelines on sustainable production for better conservation of bio-resources. it has improved the certification of green products such as green food, organic farm produce, forest products with ecolabels, and sustainable aquaculture products. china is leveraging innovative technology in protecting biodiversity, and sustainably utilizing bio-resources in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry.
china has put in place systems for the utilization and administration of key wildlife resources, such as hunting licenses, collecting permits, and domesticating and breeding certificates, and encourages conservation and sustainable utilization of premier bio-resources.
推进城乡缔造绿色打开进程。以生物多样性维护为条件，活泼探究生物多样性维护与村庄复兴协同推进，培育优势本钱、打开生态工业，推进城市、村庄绿色高质量打开，缔造人与天然调和共处、共生共荣的秀丽家乡。在村庄复兴进程中充分思考生态环境要素，以推进村庄前进、完成农人殷实为方针，持续加大生物本钱的维护力度，助推可持续打开。持续打开国家生态文明缔造演示区、国家环境维护榜样城市、国家生态园林城市、国家乡林城市等缔造，着力推进城市生物多样性维护，城市生态空间格局持续优化，城市生态体系质量稳步前进，公民群众的生态环境获得感、夸姣感和平安感不断增强。建议并培育绿色花费、绿色出行、绿色居住等绿色低碳日子方法，削减天然本钱耗费。promoting green urban and rural development. china is coordinating its efforts in biodiversity conservation and rural revitalization, with the former as a precondition. it has endeavored to explore competitive resources, develop eco-friendly industries, promote green and high-quality development in both urban and rural areas, and build a beautiful homeland featuring harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature.
china takes into full account eco-environmental factors in the process of rural revitalization. with an aim to promote rural progress and improve farmers’ living standards, it has redoubled efforts in preserving bio-resources, as a means of facilitating sustainable development.
china is building national demonstration zones for eco-environmental progress, national model cities for environmental protection, national eco-park cities, and national park cities. the aim is to strengthen biodiversity conservation in urban areas, optimize the urban ecological spatial configuration, improve urban ecosystems, and enhance the people’s sense of gain, happiness and security from the eco-environment.
china has been encouraging green and low-carbon ways of life, such as green consumption, green travel and green housing, to reduce the consumption of natural resources.
探究生态产品价值完成途径。遵从实施“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念，推进生态产品价值完成和保值增值，培育经济高质量打开新动能。树立健全生态产品价值完成机制，着力构建“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”的方针准则体系。在长江流域和三江源国家公园等打开生态产品价值完成机制试点，推进“绿水青山就是金山银山”实习立异基地缔造，探究政府主导、公司和社会各界参加、商场化运作、可持续的生态产品价值完成途径，推进将天然生态优势转化为经济社会高质量打开优势，激起作物多样性维护内生动力。realizing the market value of green products. practicing the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, china has worked to realize and increase the market value of green products, and seek new growth engines for high-quality development.
china has established a sound mechanism for realizing the market value of green products, and is working on a policy framework for turning “lucid waters and lush mountains” into “invaluable assets”.
china has piloted mechanisms for the marketing of green products in the yangtze river basin and sanjiangyuan national park, and established bases for turning natural resources into economic gains. efforts have been made to devise marketing strategies for green products, which are overseen by the government, adapted to commercialized operation, and support sustainable development, and in which enterprises and all sectors of society participate. the aim is to turn eco-environmental strengths into growth drivers for quality development and motivate the public to preserve biodiversity.
三、前进生物多样性打点才能iii. improving biodiversity governance
我国将生物多样性维护上升为国家战略，把生物多样性维护归入各区域、各领域中长时刻方案，完善方针法规体系，加强技能保证和人才部队缔造，加大法律监督力度，引导大众自觉参加生物多样性维护，不断前进生物多样性打点才能。biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in china, and incorporated into mid- and long-term plans of all regions and fields. there has been a drive to improve the legal and policy framework, strengthen technical support and the training of high-caliber personnel, expand oversight on law enforcement, and encourage public participation in conserving biodiversity, thus improving biodiversity governance.
（一）完善方针法规1. improving relevant policies, laws and regulations
我国不断树立健全生物多样性维护方针法规体系，拟定相应的中长时刻方案和行为方案，为生物多样性维护和打点供给准则保证。china is making constant efforts to establish and improve policies, laws and regulations on biodiversity conservation, and has drafted mid- and long-term programs and action plans to provide institutional guarantees for biodiversity conservation and management.
强化组织领导。树立由分管生态环境维护的国务院副总理任主任、23个国务院部分为成员的我国生物多样性维护国家委员会，统筹推进生物多样性维护作业。《中我国公民共和国国民经济和社会打开第十四个五年方案和2035年前景方针大纲》清楚将施行生物多样性维护严峻工程、构筑生物多样性维护网络作为前进生态体系质量和平稳性的重要作业内容。发布并施行《我国生物多样性维护战略与行为方案》（2011－2030年），从树立健全生物多样性维护与可持续使用的方针与法令体系等10个优先领域，以及完善跨部分调和机制等30个行为方面临加强生物多样性维护进行有力辅导。北京、江苏、云南等22个省、自治区、直辖市拟定了省级生物多样性维护战略与行为方案。树立生态文明缔造查核方针体系，将生物多样性维护有关方针归入当地查核，压实生物多样性维护责任。strengthening organization and leadership. the china national committee for biodiversity conservation (cncbc) has been established to coordinate conservation actions. it is composed of 23 departments under the state council, and headed by a vice premier who is in charge of environmental protection. to strengthen the quality and stability of our ecosystems, the outline of the 14th five-year plan (2021-2025) for national economic and social development and the long-range objectives through the year 2035 make provisions for implementing major biodiversity conservation projects and building a biodiversity conservation network.
the china national biodiversity conservation strategy and action plan (2011-2030) has been issued and implemented, offering substantial guidance in 10 priority areas, including the policy and legal framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources, and 30 actions, including inter-departmental coordination mechanisms. beijing, jiangsu, yunnan and 19 other provincial-level administrative units have formed local strategies and action plans accordingly.
china has put in place a system for evaluating performance in advancing ecological progress, based on which indicators of biodiversity conservation have been included in performance evaluation for local governments, urging them to fulfill their responsibilities for biodiversity conservation.
加强生物多样性法制缔造。近10年来，发布和修订森林法、草原法、渔业法、野生动物维护法、环境维护法、海洋环境维护法、种子法、长江维护法和生物平安法等20多部生物多样性有关的法令法规，掩盖野生动植物和重要生态体系维护、生物平安、生物遗传本钱获取与惠益共享等领域，为生物多样性维护与可持续使用供给了坚实的法令保证。修订调整国家要点维护野生动植物名录，为解救珍稀濒危野生动植物，维护生物多样性奠定基础。2021年，第十三届全国公民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议经过了《关于全部阻止不合法野生动物生意、清除滥食野生动物陋俗、真实保证公民群众生命安康平安的抉择》。各省（自治区、直辖市）联系当地实践发布了有关法令法规，云南省拟定了全国第一部生物多样性维护的当地性法规《云南省生物多样性维护规则》。strengthening the legal system for biodiversity conservation. over the past decade, china has promulgated and revised more than 20 laws and regulations pertinent to biodiversity conservation, including laws on forestry, grassland, fishery, seed, biosecurity as well as laws on the protection of wild animals, the environment, marine environment, and the yangtze river, covering the protection of wildlife and important ecosystems, biosecurity, access to and benefit-sharing of biogenetic resources, thus providing solid legal safeguards for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of bio-resources.
china has also revised the list of key wild animals and plants under state protection, laying a foundation for rescuing rare and endangered wildlife and maintaining biodiversity. in 2021, the standing committee of the 13th national people’s congress adopted at its 16th session the decision to comprehensively prohibit the illegal trade of wild animals, eliminate the bad habits of wild animal consumption, and protect the health and safety of the people.
different provinces and equivalent administrative units have issued relevant regulations based on local conditions. yunnan province, for example, formulated its own biodiversity conservation regulation, the first local one in the country.
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（二）强化才能保证2. extending guarantees
组织打开全国生物多样性查询，树立完善生物多样性监测观测网络，不断加大资金投入和科技研发力度，生物多样性维护和打点才能全部前进。china has organized nationwide biodiversity surveys, and put in place sound biodiversity monitoring and observation networks. it has increased financial input and effort in technology research and development to improve the capacity for biodiversity conservation and governance.
打开全国生物多样性查询与评价。大力推进生物多样性维护严峻工程施行，联系天然本钱查询、生态体系监测评价等作业，不断完善生物多样性查询与评价才能，初度将生物多样性方针归入生态质量归纳评价方针体系，引导当地加强生态文明缔造与生物多样性维护。打开天然本钱查询，包括森林、草原、水、湿地、荒漠、海洋等，树立天然本钱查询评价监测准则。构建了包括2376个县级行政单元、样线总长跨越3.4万公里的物种分布数据库，树立物种本钱查询?鸭畔⑵教ǎ贩从骋吧参锟占浞植记榭觥＝崾そ么⒕┙蚣降裙艺铰郧?80多个县级行政区生物多样性查询与评价。组织打开近海渔业本钱查询，初步掌控近海渔业本钱情况。接连发布《我国植物红皮书》《我国濒危动物红皮书》《我国物种赤色名录》《我国生物多样性赤色名录》，根柢掌控生物多样性全体情况，为加强生物多样性维护奠定了科学基础。conducting nationwide biodiversity surveys and assessment. to improve its biodiversity survey and assessment capacity, china has carried out major biodiversity conservation projects, in addition to surveys of natural resources and the monitoring and assessment of ecosystems. it has included biodiversity indicators in the system of comprehensive assessment indexes for ecological quality for the first time to guide local governments in protecting the eco-environment and biodiversity. a system for surveying, assessing and monitoring natural resources has been developed, and surveys on forests, grasslands, waters, wetlands, deserts, oceans and other natural resources have been carried out.
china has built a species distribution database, covering 2,376 county-level administrative units and totaling over 34,000 km in line transect. an information platform has been set up to survey and collect various species, accurately mapping the spatial distribution of wildlife.
china has completed biodiversity surveys and assessment in more than 180 county-level administrative units in the yangtze river economic belt, beijing-tianjin-hebei region and some other national strategic areas. offshore resources studies have been carried out to build an initial profile of fishery resources.
china has released the china red data book of plants, china red data book of endangered animals, china species red list, and china’s red list of biodiversity to establish the overall situation of biodiversity and lay a scientific basis for better biodiversity conservation.
完善监测观测网络。我国树立起各类生态体系、物种的监测观测网络，在生物多样性理论研讨、技能演示与推广以及物种与生境维护方面发扬了重要作用，为科研、教育、科普、出产等各领域供给了多样化的信息效能与抉择计划撑持。其间，我国生态体系研讨网络（cern）、国家陆地生态体系定位观测研讨网络（ctern）包括一切生态体系和要素，我国生物多样性监测与研讨网络（sino bon）掩盖动物、植物、微生物等多种生物类群，我国生物多样性观测网络（china bon）构建了掩盖全国的指示物品种群观测样区。improving monitoring and observation networks. china has put in place monitoring and observation networks for various ecosystems and species. these networks have played an important role in supporting biodiversity research, demonstrating and promoting relevant technology, and protecting species and their habitats, thereby providing diverse information services and decision-making support for scientific research and education, popularizing science and exploiting resources. among them, the chinese ecosystem research network (cern) and the chinese terrestrial ecosystem research network (ctern) cover all ecosystems and elements; the china biodiversity monitoring and research network (sino bon) covers a variety of biological groups such as animals, plants and microorganisms; the china biodiversity observation network (china bon) has designated plots for the observation of indicator species all over the country.
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加强资金保证。这些年，我国持续加大投入生物多样性维护领域的资金，为加强生物多样性维护供给重要保证。2021－2021年，接连两年组织跨越2600亿资金投入生物多样性有关作业，是2008年投入的6倍。一起，使用财税鼓励办法，活泼集结民间本钱投入生物多样性维护。2021年，树立国家绿色打开基金，首期募资规划885亿元。increasing financial support. china has expanded funding for biodiversity conservation in recent years. more than rmb260 billion was earmarked in biodiversity-related causes in each of 2021 and 2021, six times the figure of 2008. meanwhile, china has used fiscal and tax incentives to mobilize private capital to invest in biodiversity conservation. in 2021, a national green development fund was set up, raising rmb88.5 billion as a start.
强化科技与人才支撑。树立生物多样性维护领域研讨专项，构建数据库和信息平台，完善生物多样性查询、观测和评价等有关技能和标准体系，为生物多样性维护供给有力科技支撑。经过“生物多样性维护专项”“典型脆弱生态批改与维护研讨”“物种本钱维护专项”“珍稀濒危野生动物维护专项”等一批基础科研项目，加强濒危野生动植物恢复与维护、种质本钱和遗传本钱保存、生物本钱可持续使用和工业化等技能研发，逐步构建生物多样性维护和生物本钱可持续使用技能体系。发扬高校和科研院所优势，推进科教交融，加强生物多样性人才培育。strengthening technical and talent support. china has set up special projects on biodiversity research, developed database and information platforms, and improved technologies and standards for survey, observation and assessment to provide strong technical support for biodiversity conservation. through some basic scientific research projects on biodiversity conservation, restoration and protection of typical vulnerable ecosystems, conservation of species, and protection of rare and endangered wildlife, china has stepped up technology research and development in the restoration and protection of endangered wildlife, conservation of germplasm and genetic resources, and sustainable and profitable use of biological resources. this way, it has gradually built a technical system for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. china has taken full advantage of the strengths of universities and research institutes, and integrated science and education to reinforce the training of professionals on biodiversity.
（三）加强法律监督3. strengthening law enforcement and supervision
打开中心生态环境维护督察，处置杰出世态环境疑问，改进生态环境质量，推进经济社会高质量打开。组织冲击野生动植物不合法生意等专项法律行为，持续加大触及生物多样性违法违法疑问的冲击整治力度，坚决阻止和惩办损坏生态体系、物种和生物本钱的行为。china has conducted central environmental protection inspections to solve outstanding problems, improve eco-environmental quality, and promote high-quality economic and social development. it has organized special actions against illegal wildlife trade, and increased its effort to combat illegal and criminal activities concerning biodiversity. it has taken tough steps to stop and punish all activities that do damage to ecosystems, species and biological resources.
加大中心生态环境维护督察力度。2015年起，树立中心生态环境维护督察准则，逐步掩盖31个省、自治区、直辖市和国务院有关部分、有些中心公司。坚持疑问导向，要点环绕生物多样性维护、应对气候改变、长江十年禁渔、海洋生态环境维护等严峻使命打开督察，推进处置一批生态环境领域的杰出疑问。中心生态环境维护督察准则有力推进各级政府和部分承担起维护生态环境的责任，为生物多样性维护供给健壮的准则保证。strengthening central inspection on eco-environmental protection. the system of central inspection on eco-environmental protection was established in 2015. since then, it has been developed to cover 31 provincial-level administrative units, relevant departments under the state council and some state-owned enterprises directly under the central government. to solve prominent environmental problems, china has carried out inspections focusing on major issues such as biodiversity conservation, climate change, the 10-year ban on fishing in the yangtze river, and marine environmental protection. the system serves to push governments at all levels and relevant departments to take responsibility for protecting the eco-environment, providing strong institutional guarantees for conserving biodiversity.
打开生物多样性维护法律查看。打开跨部分、跨区域和跨国联合法律行为，严肃冲击珍稀濒危野生动植物走私，对触及野生动植物生意等违法活动采纳零忍耐情绪。健全野生动物维护法律监管长效机制，打开“绿盾”天然维护地强化监督、“碧海”海洋生态环境维护、“我国渔政亮剑”、“昆仑行为”等系列法律行为，对影响野生动植物及其歇息地维护的行为进行严厉查处。树立长江禁捕退捕的跨区域跨部分联合法律联动协作机制，加大不合法捕捉专项整治力度，对有关违法违法行为构成高压态势。carrying law enforcement inspections on biodiversity conservation. adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward illegal activities involving wildlife trade, china has carried out trans-department, cross-region and cross-border joint actions to crack down on the trafficking of rare and endangered wildlife. it has improved the long-term mechanism for monitoring law enforcement concerning wild animal protection. special law enforcement campaigns have been launched to combat illegal activities threatening wildlife and their habitats, including the green shield inspections of nature reserves, the blue sea initiative for marine environmental protection, the sword campaigns targeting fisheries, and the kunlun actions against crimes and violations in the fields of food, drugs and the environment. in a tough stand against illegal activities, china has established collaboration mechanisms for cross-region and trans-department joint actions on enforcing the yangtze river fishing ban and withdrawal of fishermen concerned, and has conducted special campaigns against illegal fishing.
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（四）建议全民行为4. encouraging public engagement
我国不断加强生物多样性维护宣传教育，政府加强引导、公司活泼行为、大众广泛参加的行为体系根柢构成，大众参加生物多样性维护的方法愈加多样化，参加度全部前进。持续打开生物多样性维护宣传教育和科普活动，在世界生物多样性日、世界野生动植物日、世界湿地日、六五环境日、水生野生动物维护科普宣传月等重要时刻节点举办系列活动，集结全社会广泛参加，进一步增健壮众维护知道。立异宣传方法，拓宽参加途径，完善鼓励方针，聘请大众在生物多样性方针拟定、信息揭露与公益诉讼中活泼参加、建言献策，营建生物多样性维护的杰出空气。发布《“秀丽我国，我是行为者”前进公民生态文明知道行为方案（2021－2025年）》《关于推进生态环境自愿效能打开的辅导定见》，为各类社会主体和大众参加生物多样性维护作业供给攻略和标准。树立长江江豚、海龟、中华白海豚等要点物种维护联盟，为各方力气建立交流协作平台。参加《生物多样性公约》秘书处建议的“公司与生物多样性全球火伴联络”（gpbb）建议，鼓舞公司参加生物多样性领域作业，活泼引导公司参加冲击野生动植物不合法生意。china continues to strengthen publicity and education on biodiversity conservation. an action system involving stronger government guidance, corporate action, and extensive public participation is taking shape. public participation in biodiversity conservation has grown and become more diversified.
public awareness activities and dissemination of knowledge on biodiversity are being carried out. on important occasions such as the international day for biological diversity, world wildlife day, world wetlands day, world environment day, and aquatic wildlife conservation public awareness month, events will be held to encourage broad social participation and raise public awareness of eco-environmental conservation.
china has explored new publicity models, broadened participation channels, improved incentives, and invited public participation in policy making, information disclosure and public-interest litigation related to biodiversity, creating a positive environment for biodiversity conservation. beautiful china, i’m a contributor – action plan to raise public awareness of ecological conservation (2021-2025), and guidelines on advancing volunteer service in eco-environmental protection have been released to provide guidelines and norms for entities and individuals to participate in biodiversity conservation.
china has formed alliances for protecting key species including the yangtze finless porpoise, the turtle and the chinese white dolphin, which serve as platforms of communication and cooperation for all stakeholders.
in 2015, china joined the global partnership for business and biodiversity (gpbb), initiated by the secretariat of the convention on biological diversity. enterprises are encouraged to take part in biodiversity-related initiatives and actions against illegal wildlife trade.
四、深化全球生物多样性维护协作iv. further global cooperation on biodiversity conservation
面临生物多样性损失的全球性应战，各国是风雨同舟的命运一起体。我国坚决践行多边主义，活泼打开生物多样性维护世界协作，广泛洽谈、凝集共同，为推进全球生物多样性维护奉献我国才智，与世界社会一起构建人与天然生命一起体。facing the global challenge of biodiversity loss, all countries form a community of shared future. china firmly practices multilateralism and actively carries out international cooperation on biodiversity conservation through extensive consultations to build consensus. it is contributing solutions to global biodiversity conservation and working together with the international community to build a shared future for humanity and nature.
（一）活泼实施世界公约1. actively implementing international conventions
我国活泼实施《生物多样性公约》及其议定书，推进有关公约协同增效，展示大国担任，在全球生物多样性维护和打点进程中发扬重要作用。by actively implementing the convention on biological diversity and related protocols, with a strong sense of responsibility as a major country, china has worked to enhance synergies among biodiversity-related conventions and played an important role in global biodiversity conservation and governance.
活泼实施《生物多样性公约》及其议定书。1992年以来，我国坚决撑持生物多样性多边打点体系，采纳一系列方针和办法，真实实施公约责任。作为公约及其议定书的缔约方，准时高质量提交国家陈述，2021年7月提交了《我国实施〈生物多样性公约〉第六次国家陈述》，同年10月提交了《我国实施〈卡塔赫纳生物平安议定书〉第四次国家陈述》。2021年以来，我国变成《生物多样性公约》及其议定书中心核算的最大捐助国，有力撑持了《生物多样性公约》的运作和实施。这些年，我国持续加大对全球环境基金捐资力度，已变满足球环境基金最大的打开我国家捐资国，有力地撑持了全球生物多样性维护。actively implementing the convention on biological diversity and related protocols. china firmly supports the multilateral governance system for biodiversity, and has adopted strong policies and measures to fulfill its obligations under the convention since 1992. as an important signing party of the convention and its protocols, china has submitted high-quality national reports on a regular basis. in july 2021, china submitted its sixth national report to the convention on biological diversity and in october the fourth national report to the cartagena protocol on biosafety.
since 2021 china has been the largest contributor to the core budget of the convention and its protocols, and has strongly supported its operation and implementation. in recent years, china has continued to increase its contributions to the global environment facility (gef), and has become the largest developing country contributor to the gef, lending strong support to global biodiversity conservation.
推进生物多样性有关公约协同增效。生物多样性与其他生态环境疑问联络亲近，我国撑持协同打造更健壮的全球生态平安屏障，构筑尊敬天然的生态体系，协同推进《生物多样性公约》与其他世界公约一起发扬作用。我国持续推进《濒危野生动植物种世界生意公约》《联合国气候改变规划公约》《联合国防治荒漠化公约》《关于特别是作为水禽歇息地的世界重要湿地公约》《联合国森林文书》等进程，与有关世界机构协作树立世界荒漠化防治常识打点中心，与新西兰一起牵头组织“根据天然的处置方案”领域作业，并将其作为应对气候改变、生物多样性损失的协同处置方案。2021年9月，我国宣告力求2030年前完成碳达峰、2060年前完成碳中和，为全球应对和减缓气候改变作出我国奉献。enhancing synergies among biodiversity-related conventions. biodiversity is closely related to other eco-environmental issues. china supports collaborative efforts in building a stronger global ecological security barrier and an ecosystem that respects nature, and is ready to work with all the parties to push for a joint role for the convention and other international conventions.
china takes an active part in implementing the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora, the united nations framework convention on climate change, the united nations convention to combat desertification, the convention on wetlands of international importance especially as waterfowl habitat, and the documents of the un forum on forests. in cooperation with relevant international organizations, china has established the international desertification control knowledge management center. china and new zealand jointly led the efforts on nature-based solutions (nbs) projects, making nbs a synergistic solution in combating climate change and biodiversity loss.
in september 2021, china announced that it will strive to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, contributing its share to the global response to climate change mitigation.
推进履约获得显着成效。我国为推进完成2021年全球生物多样性维护方针和联合国2030年可持续打开方针作出活泼奉献。自觉布《我国生物多样性维护战略与行为方案》（2011－2030年）以来，我国经过完善法令法规和体系机制、加强就地和迁地维护、推进大众参加、深化世界协作等方针办法，有力推进改进了生态环境。其间，树立陆地天然维护区、恢复和保证重要生态体系效能、添加生态体系的恢复力和碳储量等3项方针超量结束，生物多样性干流化、可持续打点农林渔业、可持续出产和花费等13项方针获得杰出发展。achieving remarkable results in fulfilling obligations. china has made positive contribution to the 2021 global biodiversity targets (the aichi targets) and the united nations 2030 sustainable development goals.
in 2010, the china national biodiversity conservation strategy and action plan (2011-2030) was published. since then, china has been working for a better eco-environment by improving the legal system and other mechanisms, strengthening in-situ and ex-situ conservation, increasing public participation, and boosting international cooperation and exchanges on biodiversity.
china has over-fulfilled three of the aichi targets – establishing terrestrial nature reserves, restoring and ensuring important ecosystem services, and increasing ecosystem resilience and carbon storage – and made progress in 13 targets, including mainstreaming biodiversity, sustainable management of agriculture, forestry and fishery, and sustainable production and consumption.
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（二）增进世界交流协作2. strengthening international exchanges and cooperation
我国坚持多边主义，注重广泛打开协作交流，凝集全球生物多样性维护打点合力。凭仗“一带一路”“南南协作”等多边协作机制，为打开我国家维护生物多样性供给撑持，尽力构建地球生命一起体。china is an advocate of multilateralism. it engages in extensive cooperation and exchanges, pooling global forces in biodiversity conservation and governance. with the help of multilateral cooperation mechanisms such as the belt and road initiative (bri) and south-south cooperation, china has provided support for biodiversity conservation in developing countries and is striving to build a shared future for all life on earth.
树立“一带一路”绿色打开多边协作机制。我国将生态文明领域协作作为高质量共建“一带一路”要点内容，采纳绿色基建、绿色动力、绿色金融等系罗列措，为沿线国家供给资金、技能、才能缔造等方面撑持，协助他们加速绿色低碳转型，持续谋福沿线各国公民。树立“一带一路”绿色打开世界联盟，40多个国家变成协作火伴，在生物多样性维护、全球气候改变打点与绿色转型等方面打开协作。缔造“一带一路”生态环保大数据效能平台，吸纳100多个国家生物多样性有关数据，为“一带一路”绿色打开供给数据撑持。施行绿色丝路使者方案，与打开我国家一起加强环保才能缔造，经过打开培训、项目协作等方法，为有关国家实施《联合国2030年可持续打开议程》供给协助。establishing multilateral cooperation mechanisms for green development under the bri. china regards cooperation in eco-civilization as a key component of the bri, and has adopted a series of green measures in infrastructure, energy, and finance to support participating countries with fund, technology and capacity building. these measures are helping them transform faster to green, low-carbon growth to the benefit of the people.
china has established the belt and road initiative international green development coalition, with international partners from over 40 countries. the coalition facilitates cooperation on biodiversity conservation, global climate change governance and green transformation.
the bri environment big data platform is in the making. the platform aims to collect biodiversity data from over 100 countries and provides data in support of the initiative’s green development.
a green silk road envoy program has been launched to jointly build environmental protection capacity with other developing countries. under the program, china has helped relevant countries, through training and other project cooperation, to implement the united nations 2030 agenda for sustainable development.
深化生物多样性维护“南南协作”。我国在“南南协作”规划下活泼为打开我国家维护生物多样性供给撑持，全球80多个国家获益。树立澜沧江－湄公河环境协作中心，守时举办澜沧江－湄公河环境协作圆桌对话，环绕生态体系打点、生物多样性维护等议题进行交流。树立我国－东盟环境协作中心，与东盟国家协作开发和施行“生物多样性与生态体系维护协作方百锇大湄公河次区域中心环境项目与生物多样性维护走廊方案”等项目，在生物多样性维护、廊道方案和打点以及社区生计改进等方面获得丰盛作用。树立我国科学院东南亚生物多样性研讨中心，打开联合科学查询、严峻科学研讨、方针征询与人才培育等作业。树立中非环境协作中心，推进环境技能协作，同享绿色打开机缘。stepping up south-south cooperation. china has provided support for more than 80 developing countries in biodiversity conservation under the framework of south-south cooperation.
china has established a center for the lancang-mekong environmental cooperation, and hosted regular roundtable meetings with a focus on ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. it has set up the china-asean environmental cooperation center, and launched and implemented with asean member states a number of cooperation initiatives, including the china-asean cooperation plan on biodiversity and ecological conservation, and the core environment program and biodiversity conservation corridors initiative in the greater mekong subregion. fruitful results have been achieved in biodiversity conservation, corridor planning and management, and community livelihood improvement. the southeast asia biodiversity research institute of the chinese academy of sciences (cas-seabri) was unveiled in 2015 to carry out joint field studies, major scientific research, policy consultation, and personnel training. the china-africa environment cooperation center has been established for cooperation on environmental technology and for sharing green development opportunities.
广泛打开双多边协作。坚持共商共建同享原则，不断深化生物多样性领域对外协作。活泼参加联合国生物多样性峰会、领导人气候峰会等世界会议及活动，为维护生物多样性、推进可持续打开写入动力。组织举办“2021年后全球生物多样性展望：共建地球生命一起体”部长级在线圆桌会，共商2021年后生物多样性全球打点。中法两国一起发布《中法生物多样性维护和气候改变北京建议》。与俄罗斯、日本等国家打开候鸟维护的长时刻协作。与俄罗斯、蒙古国、老挝、越南等国家协作，树立跨境天然维护地和生态廊道，其间，中俄跨境天然维护区内物种数量持续增加，野生东北虎初步在中俄维护地间安适搬场；中老跨境生物多样性联合维护区面积达20万公顷，有用维护亚洲象等珍稀濒危物种及其歇息地。我国还与德国、英国、南非等别离树立两边协作机制，就生物多样性和生态体系效能、气候改变和生物平安等领域打开广泛的协作与交流，与日本、韩国树立中日韩三国生物多样性方针对话机制。carrying out extensive bilateral and multilateral cooperation. following the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, china has constantly expanded biodiversity cooperation.
it has taken an active part in international conferences and activities, including the united nations summit on biodiversity and the leaders’ summit on climate, giving impetus to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. in 2021, china organized an online ministerial roundtable “biodiversity beyond 2021: building a shared future for all life on earth” to discuss global biodiversity governance after 2021.
china and france jointly issued the beijing call for biodiversity conservation and climate change in 2021. china carries out long-term cooperation on migratory bird protection with russia, japan and other countries. china has worked with russia, mongolia, laos, vietnam and other countries in establishing transboundary pas and ecological corridors. the number of species in the china-russia transboundary nature reserve continues to grow, and wild siberian tigers are beginning to migrate freely between pas in russia and china. the china-laos transboundary biodiversity reserve, with an area of 200,000 hectares, effectively protects rare and endangered species such as asian elephants and their habitats. china has established bilateral cooperation mechanisms with germany, the united kingdom, south africa, and some other countries, through which extensive cooperation and exchanges on biodiversity and ecosystem services, climate change, and biosecurity have been carried out. it has established a mechanism of tripartite policy dialogue on biodiversity with japan and the rok.
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结束语conclusion
地球是人类一起日子和关照的家乡，生物多样性是人类赖以生计和打开的基础，是地球生命一起体的血脉和根基。面临生物多样性损失的全球性应战，全人类是祸殃与共的命运一起体。the earth is the homeland of humanity and we should protect it together. biodiversity is the foundation for human survival and development, and the bloodline of all life on earth. facing the global challenge of biodiversity loss, humanity is one community that shares one and the same future.
我国现已踏上全部缔造社会主义现代化国家的新征程，生态文明缔造具有更多条件，一起，也面临许多应战，生物多样性维护任重而道远。展望将来，我国将秉持人与天然生命一起体理念，把生物多样性维护作为生态文明缔造重要内容，持续推进生物多样性打点体系和打点才能现代化，改进天然生态体系情况，前进生态效能功用，前进生态产品供给才能，完成天然生态体系良性循环，不断满足公民日益增加的美丽生态环境需要。on its new journey towards a modern socialist country, china is now equipped with better resources for boosting eco-civilization. but it also faces many challenges and heavy tasks. looking to the future, china will uphold the idea of a shared future for humanity and nature, treat biodiversity conservation as an important part of eco-civilization, and continue to modernize its biodiversity governance system and capabilities. it will work to improve natural ecosystems, reinforce eco-environmental services, and provide more eco-environmental products, to achieve a virtuous cycle of natural ecosystems and meet the people’s growing demand for a beautiful eco-environment.
我国将一向做万物调和秀丽家乡的维护者、缔造者和奉献者，与世界社会携手并进、一起尽力，翻开愈加公正合理、各尽所能的全球生物多样性打点新进程，完成人与天然调和共生夸姣期望，推进构建人类命运一起体，一起缔造愈加夸姣的世界。china will always stand guard for our harmonious and beautiful planet for all life and contribute to its wellbeing with action. it will work together with the international community on a new model of global biodiversity governance that is fairer and more reasonable, with each member contributing its share, so as to realize the worldwide vision of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. it will continue to help build a global community of shared future, and move forward into better times with the rest of the world.
来自：新华网
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