??when did humans start wearing clothes?
人类是从啥时分隔端穿上衣裳的?
in popular culture, cave men (and women) are often draped in furs, but archaeological evidence of what our stone age ancestors actually wore and how they made clothes is thin.
在干流认知里，穴居男人（以及女人）一般会披着毛皮，但有关咱们石器年代祖先的实践穿戴以?侨绾沃圃煲律训目脊鸥萑春苌佟?br>
fur, leather and other organic materials generally aren’t preserved, especially beyond 100,000 years ago. however, researchers say 62 bone tools used to process and smooth animal skins found in a cave in morocco may be some of the earliest proxy evidence for clothing in the archaeological record. the tools are between 90,000 and 120,000 years old.
毛皮、皮革和其他有机材料一般很难保存下来，特别是距今10万年前的。可是，研讨人员称，在摩洛哥一处窟窿发现了62件用于加工平缓整动物毛皮的骨制东西（这些东西距今有9万至12万年的前史），这可所以考古记载中最早关于人类着装的指向性根据。
“i wasn’t expecting to find them. i was studying this assemblage initially to look at the animal bones to reconstruct the human diet,” said emily yuko hallett, a postdoctoral scientist at the max planck institute for the science of human history’s pan african evolution research group.
马克斯·普朗克人类前史科学研讨所泛非进化研讨小组的博士后科学家艾米丽·尤科·哈雷特说：“我没想到会发现这些骨制东西。我开始的研讨意图是为了调查动物骨骼，以重现人类饮食。”
“and when i was going through them — there were around 12,000 animal bones — i started to notice these bones that had a very different shape. it wasn’t a natural shape. and they had sheen on them, and they were shiny, and they had striations (grooves or scratches) on them,” said hallett, who was an author of a study on the findings that published thursday in the journal iscience.
周四，该研讨宣告在《iscience》杂志上，该研讨的作者之一哈利特说：“当我细心查看着近1.2万块动物骨头时，我初步留心到这些骨头的形状异乎寻常。那不是天然构成的形状。它们很光滑，并赋有光泽，表面有沟槽或划痕。”
unlike the bones discarded after consuming an animal for food, bones used regularly by human hands gain a sheen and polish.
与食用动物后丢掉的骨头不一样，人类常常运用的骨头表面很光滑，而且具有光泽。
she also found a pattern of cut marks on other bones in the cave that suggested the humans who lived there were removing the skins of?carnivores?
such as sand foxes, golden jackals and wildcats, for their furs. the bones of cattle-like animals showed different markings, suggesting they were processed for meat.
她还在窟窿里的其他骨头上发现了切开的痕迹，这标明居住在那里的人类为了获取食肉动物的皮裘，从沙狐、金豺和野猫的身上割下了皮。牛等动物的骨头则闪现出不一样的痕迹，标明它们被加工成肉。
“i’m most excited about the skinning marks on the carnivores, because i haven’t seen this pattern described before. and my hope is that archaeologists working in much older sites also start looking for this pattern,” she said.
她说：“最让我振奋的是食肉动物身上的剥皮痕迹，这是我早年从未见过的。我期望在更陈旧的遗址作业的考古学家也能发现这样的痕迹。”
it’s challenging to figure out when the use of clothing began. it’s highly likely early humans like neanderthals that lived in cold climates long before homo sapiens arrived on the scene had clothing to protect themselves from the extreme weather, but there’s not much hard evidence.
咱们很难弄理解人类是从啥时分隔端穿上衣裳的。像尼安德特人这样的前期人类很有可以在智人到来之前好久就日子在严寒的环境了，他们穿戴衣裳以抵挡严寒，但这种观点短少根据撑持。
genetic studies of lice indicate that clothing lice?diverged?from their human head louse ancestors at least 83,000 years ago and possibly as early as 170,000 years ago, which suggests humans were wearing clothes before major migrations out of africa.
对虱子基因的研讨标明，衣虱至少在83000年前就呈现了，可以早在17万年前就与头虱的祖先分化出来了，这标明人类在走出非洲的大迁徙之前就初步穿上衣裳了。
hallett said that one of 98 400,000-year-old tools made from elephant bone and recently discovered in italy may have been used to smooth leather. they were likely used by neanderthals. eyed needles emerge in the archaeological record much later, about 40,000 years ago.
哈利特说，迩来介意大利发现的98件40万年前用象骨制成的东西可所以尼安德特人用来打磨皮革的。而考古记载中呈现缝纫针的时刻要晚得多，大约在4万年前。
the bone tools from morocco that hallett discovered were shaped a bit like a spatula and would have been used to remove connective tissue. similar bone tools are still used by some leather workers today, hallett said.
哈利特发现的来自摩洛哥的骨东西形状有点像刮刀，可所以用往来不断掉结缔组织的。哈利特说，如今仍有一些皮匠在运用类似的骨制东西。
“the reason people like using these tools is that they don’t pierce the skin, and so you’re left with an intact skin,” she said.
她说：“我们喜爱运用这些东西的缘由是它们不会刺伤皮面，这样才干获得一块无缺的皮革。”
the bone tools were found in contrebandiers cave on morocco’s atlantic coast. hallett said the climate 120,000 years ago would have been mild, as it is now, raising the possibility that early clothes could have been for ornamentation as well as protection.
这些骨制东西是在摩洛哥大西洋海岸的孔特雷班迪尔斯窟窿中发现的。哈利特说，那个当地12万年前的气候可以和如今相同温文，这意味着人类前期的衣裳可所以为了装饰和防护的。
“there’s really no extreme temperatures or extreme climate conditions there in the past or today. so that makes me wonder was clothing strictly?utilitarian?or was it symbolic or was it a little bit of both?”
“不管曩昔仍是今日，那里的确没有呈现极点温度或极点气候。因而，我极猎奇，那时的衣裳究竟起有用性仍是标志性的，抑或两者兼而有之?”
(全文共586个词，标红单词为考研重难点词汇)
重难点词汇：
carnivore?[?kɑ?rn?v??r] n. 食肉动物；食虫植物
diverge?[da??v??rd?] vi. 不合；违背；分叉
utilitarian?[,jut?l?’ter??n] adj. 有用的；名利的
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